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Rain Man

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Rain Man (disambiguation).

Rain Man
Theatrical release poster by John Alvin
Directed byBarry Levinson
Screenplay by
Story byBarry Morrow
Produced byMark Johnson
Starring
CinematographyJohn Seale
Edited byStu Linder
Music byHans Zimmer
Production
companies
Distributed byMGM/UA Communications Co.
Release date
  • December 16, 1988 (1988-12-16)
Running time
134 minutes[1]
CountryUnited States[1]
LanguageEnglish
Budget$25 million[2]
Box office$354.8 million[2][3] ($914 million in 2023 dollars)[4]

Rain Man is a 1988 American road comedy-drama film directed by Barry Levinson and written by Barry Morrow and Ronald Bass. It tells the story of abrasive and selfish wheeler-dealer Charlie Babbitt (Tom Cruise), who discovers that his estranged father has died and bequeathed his multimillion-dollar estate to his other son, Raymond (Dustin Hoffman), an autistic savant whose existence Charlie was unaware of. Morrow created the character of Raymond after meeting real-life savant Kim Peek; his characterization was based on both Peek and Bill Sackter, a good friend of Morrow who was the subject of Bill, an earlier film that Morrow wrote.[5]

Rain Man competed at the 39th Berlin International Film Festival, where it won the highest prize: the Golden Bear.[6] The film was released theatrically by MGM/UA Communications Co. under the United Artists label in the United States on December 16, 1988, to critical and commercial success. Praise was given to Levinson's direction, the performances (particularly Cruise and Hoffman), the screenplay, the musical score, the cinematography, and the film's portrayal of autism. The film grossed $354 million on a $25 million budget, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1988, and received a leading eight nominations at the 61st Academy Awards, winning four (more than any other film nominated): Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor (for Hoffman), and Best Original Screenplay.[7]

As of 2024, Rain Man is the only film to win both the Berlin International Film Festival's highest award and the Academy Award for Best Picture in the same year. It was also the last film released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) to be nominated for Best Picture until Licorice Pizza in 2021; 33 years later.[8]

Plot

[edit]

Arrogant collectibles dealer Charlie Babbitt is in the middle of importing four grey market Lamborghinis to Los Angeles for resale. He needs to deliver the cars to impatient buyers who have already made down payments to repay the loan he took out to buy them, but the EPA is holding the cars at the port because they have failed emission tests. Charlie directs an employee to lie to the buyers while he stalls his creditor.

When Charlie learns that his estranged father Sanford Babbitt has died, he and his girlfriend Susanna travel to Cincinnati to settle the estate. He inherits only a group of rosebushes and a classic 1949 Buick Roadmaster convertible over which he and Sanford had clashed, while the remainder of the $3 million estate is going to an unnamed trustee. He learns that the money is being directed to a local mental institution, where he meets his elder brother Raymond, of whom he was unaware.

Raymond is an autistic savant and adheres to strict routines. He has superb recall, but he shows little emotional expression, except when in distress. Charlie spirits Raymond out of the mental institution and into a hotel for the night. Disheartened with the way Charlie treats Raymond, Susanna leaves him. Charlie asks Raymond's doctor, Dr. Gerald Bruner, for half the estate in exchange for Raymond's return, but Bruner refuses. Charlie decides to attempt to gain custody of his brother to get control of the money.

After Raymond refuses to fly to Los Angeles, he and Charlie resort to driving there instead. They make slow progress because Raymond insists on sticking to his routines, which include watching The People's Court on television every day, getting to bed by 11:00 p.m., and refusing to travel when it rains. He also objects to traveling on the Interstate after they encounter a car accident.

During the course of the journey, Charlie learns more about Raymond, including his ability to instantly perform complex calculations and count hundreds of objects at once, far beyond the normal range of human abilities. He also realizes that Raymond had lived with the family as a child and was the "Rain Man" (Charlie's infantile pronunciation of "Raymond"), a comforting figure Charlie had remembered as an imaginary friend. Raymond had saved an infant Charlie from being scalded by hot bathwater one day, but Sanford blamed Raymond for nearly injuring Charlie, and committed him to the institution, as he was unable to speak up for himself and correct the misunderstanding.

Charlie's creditor repossesses the Lamborghinis, forcing him to refund his buyers' down payments and leaving him deeply in debt. Having passed Las Vegas, he and Raymond return to Caesars Palace and devise a plan to win the needed money by playing blackjack and counting cards. Although the casino bosses obtain videotape evidence of the scheme and ask them to leave, Charlie successfully wins $86,000 to cover his debts. He also reconciles with Susanna, who has rejoined the brothers in Las Vegas.

Returning to Los Angeles, Charlie meets with Bruner, who offers him $250,000 to walk away from Raymond. Charlie refuses, saying he is no longer upset about being cut out of his father's will, but he wants to have a relationship with his brother. At a meeting with a court-appointed psychiatrist, Raymond proves to be unable to decide for himself what he wants. Charlie stops the questioning and tells Raymond he is happy to have him as his brother. As Raymond and Bruner board a train to return to the institution, Charlie promises to visit in two weeks.

Cast

[edit]

Production

[edit]

Development

[edit]
A now-abandoned gas station and general store in Cogar, Oklahoma, was used in a scene from the film. The Colvert sign has since been removed, revealing the full name of the business.

In drafting the story for Rain Man, Barry Morrow decided to base Raymond Babbitt on his experiences with both Kim Peek and Bill Sackter, two men who had gained notoriety and fame for their intellectual disabilities and, in Peek's case, for his abilities as a savant that were evident in high speed reading and extremely detailed memory. Prior to the conception of Rain Man, Morrow had formed a friendship with the intellectually disabled Sackter, and, in doing so, ended up taking some situational aspects from his friendship and using them to help craft the relationship between Charlie and Raymond. Following the success of Bill, the made-for-TV movie he had written about Sackter, Morrow met Kim Peek and was wildly intrigued by his savant syndrome. Going into the creation of the film, Morrow was still essentially unaware of the intricacies of the condition, as well as of autism itself; instead deciding that the movie was less about Raymond's intellectual disability, and more about the relationship formed between Raymond and Charlie.[9]

Roger Birnbaum was the first studio executive to give the film a green light; he did so immediately after Barry Morrow pitched the story. Birnbaum received "special thanks" in the film's credits.[1]

Real-life brothers Dennis and Randy Quaid were considered for the roles of Raymond Babbitt and Charles Babbitt.[10] Agents at Creative Artists Agency sent the script to Dustin Hoffman and Bill Murray, envisioning Murray in the title role, and Hoffman in the role eventually portrayed by Tom Cruise.[5][11] Martin Brest, Steven Spielberg and Sydney Pollack were directors also involved in the film.[12] Spielberg was attached to the film for five months, until he left to direct Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, and he would later regret the decision.[13][14] Mickey Rourke was also offered a role, but he turned it down.[15] Mel Gibson was also offered the role of Raymond, but he turned it down.[16]

For a year prior to playing Raymond Babbitt, Hoffman prepared to portray Raymond's autism by seeking out and educating himself on other autistic people, particularly those with savant syndrome. Hoffman had some experience with disabled individuals prior to filming, having worked at the New York Psychiatric Institute when he was younger. Inspiration for the portrayal of Raymond Babbitt's mannerisms was drawn from a multitude of sources, but he thanked three men in his Oscar acceptance speech.[17] One was Peter Guthrie, the autistic brother of Kevin Guthrie, a Princeton football player with whom Hoffman was in touch at the time.[18] Another was autistic savant Joseph Sullivan, who was the subject of two documentary films[19] and whose mother, Dr. Ruth Sullivan, was the founding president of the Autism Society of America and served as a consultant on the film. The third was savant Kim Peek, with whom Hoffman met as part of his research of the role, wherein he would observe and mimic Peek's actions, attempting to give an accurate portrayal of what an individual with savant syndrome might act like. His mimicry of Peek's savant syndrome was deemed a poor fit for the character by Hoffman, resulting in Hoffman's decision to make Babbitt not only a man with savant syndrome, but also with autism.[9]

Filming

[edit]

Principal photography included nine weeks of filming on location in Cincinnati and throughout northern Kentucky.[20] Other portions were shot in the desert near Palm Springs, California.[21]: 168–71  There was originally a different ending to the movie drafted by Morrow that differed from Raymond's going back to the institution. Morrow ultimately decided to drop this ending in favor of Raymond's returning to the institution, as he felt the original ending would not have stuck with the viewers as effectively as the revised ending did.[9] Almost all of the principal photography occurred during the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike; one key scene that was affected by the lack of writers was the film's final scene.[5] Bass delivered his last draft of the script only hours before the strike started and spent no time on the set.[12]

Box office

[edit]

Rain Man debuted December 16, 1988, and was the second highest-grossing film at the weekend box office (behind Twins), with $7 million.[22] It reached the first spot the weekend of December 30 – January 2, finishing 1988 with $42 million.[23] The film would become the highest-grossing U.S. film of 1988 by earning more than $172 million. Worldwide figures vary, though. Box Office Mojo claims that the film grossed over $354 million worldwide,[2] while The Numbers reported that the film grossed $412.8 million worldwide.[3]

Reception

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On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Rain Man holds an approval rating of 88%, based on 136 reviews, with an average rating of 8.10/10. The website's critical consensus states: "This road-trip movie about an autistic savant and his callow brother is far from seamless, but Barry Levinson's direction is impressive, and strong performances from Tom Cruise and Dustin Hoffman add to its appeal."[24] Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 65 out of 100, based on 18 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[25] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A", on a scale of A+ to F.[26]

Vincent Canby of The New York Times called Rain Man:

becomingly modest, decently thought-out, sometimes funny film"; Hoffman's performance was a "display of sustained virtuosity ... [that] makes no lasting connections with the emotions. Its end effect depends largely on one's susceptibility to the sight of an actor acting nonstop and extremely well, but to no particularly urgent dramatic purpose.[27]

Canby considered the "film's true central character" to be "the confused, economically and emotionally desperate Charlie, beautifully played by Mr. Cruise."[27] Roger Ebert gave the film three and a half stars out of four. He wrote:

Hoffman proves again that he almost seems to thrive on impossible acting challenges. ... I felt a certain love for Raymond, the Hoffman character. I don't know quite how Hoffman got me to do it.[28]

Gene Siskel also gave the film three and a half stars out of four, singling out Cruise for praise: "The strength of the film is really that of Cruise's performance...the combination of two superior performances makes the movie worth watching."[29]

Amy Dawes of Variety wrote that "one of the year's most intriguing film premises ... is given uneven, slightly off-target treatment"; she called the road scenes "hastily, loosely written, with much extraneous screen time", but admired the last third of the film, calling it a depiction of "two very isolated beings" who "discover a common history and deep attachment".[30]

One of the film's harshest reviews came from The New Yorker magazine critic Pauline Kael, who said, "Everything in this movie is fudged ever so humanistically, in a perfunctory, low-pressure way. And the picture has its effectiveness: people are crying at it. Of course they're crying at it—it's a piece of wet kitsch."[31]

Rain Man was placed on 39 critics' "ten best" lists in 1988, based on a poll of the nation's top 100 critics.[32]

Accolades

[edit]
Award Category Nominee(s) Result
Academy Awards[7] Best Picture Mark Johnson Won
Best Director Barry Levinson Won
Best Actor Dustin Hoffman Won
Best Screenplay – Written Directly for the Screen Ronald Bass and Barry Morrow Won
Best Art Direction Ida Random and Linda DeScenna Nominated
Best Cinematography John Seale Nominated
Best Film Editing Stu Linder Nominated
Best Original Score Hans Zimmer Nominated
American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Feature Film Stu Linder Won
American Society of Cinematographers Awards[33] Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases John Seale Nominated
Berlin International Film Festival[34] Golden Bear Barry Levinson Won
Berliner Morgenpost Readers' Jury Award Won
BMI Film & TV Awards Film Music Award Hans Zimmer Won
British Academy Film Awards[35] Best Actor in a Leading Role Dustin Hoffman Nominated
Best Original Screenplay Ronald Bass and Barry Morrow Nominated
Best Editing Stu Linder Nominated
César Awards[36] Best Foreign Film Barry Levinson Nominated
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards[37] Best Actor Dustin Hoffman Nominated
David di Donatello Awards Best Foreign Film Barry Levinson Won
Best Foreign Director Nominated
Best Foreign Actor Dustin Hoffman Won
Best Foreign Producer Mark Johnson Nominated
Best Foreign Screenplay Ronald Bass and Barry Morrow Nominated
Directors Guild of America Awards[38] Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Barry Levinson Won
Golden Globe Awards[39] Best Motion Picture – Drama Won
Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama Dustin Hoffman Won
Best Director – Motion Picture Barry Levinson Nominated
Best Screenplay – Motion Picture Ronald Bass and Barry Morrow Nominated
Goldene Kamera (1989) Golden Screen Won
Goldene Kamera (1991) Golden Screen with 1 Star Won
Heartland Film Truly Moving Picture Award Barry Levinson Won
Japan Academy Film Prize Outstanding Foreign Language Film Nominated
Jupiter Awards Best International Film Barry Levinson Won
Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards[40] Best Film Won
Best Director Barry Levinson Won
Best Actor Dustin Hoffman Won
Best Supporting Actor Tom Cruise Won[a]
Kinema Junpo Awards Best Foreign Language Film Barry Levinson Won
Mainichi Film Awards Best Foreign Language Film Won
MTV Video Music Awards Best Video from a Film "Iko Iko" – The Belle Stars Nominated
Nastro d'Argento Best Foreign Director Barry Levinson Nominated
Best Supporting Actress Valeria Golino Nominated
National Society of Film Critics Awards[41] Best Actor Dustin Hoffman 3rd Place
New York Film Critics Circle Awards[42] Best Actor 2nd Place
Nikkan Sports Film Awards Best Foreign Film Won
People's Choice Awards[43] Favorite Dramatic Motion Picture Won
Turkish Film Critics Association Awards Best Foreign Film 2nd Place
Writers Guild of America Awards[44] Best Screenplay – Written Directly for the Screen Ronald Bass and Barry Morrow Nominated
YoGa Awards Worst Foreign Actor Dustin Hoffman Won

Legacy

[edit]

The release of Rain Man in 1988 coincided with a tenfold increase in funding for medical research and diagnoses of individuals for autism. The latter is primarily due to autism's being more broadly defined in newer editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, particularly versions III-R and IV.[45]: 389–401  The movie is credited, however, with significantly increasing awareness of autism among the general public.[45]: 354-380 

Rain Man is known, in particular, for its portrayal of a man with both autism and savant skills, leading much of its viewing audience to incorrectly assume the intellectual capabilities of autistic people at large.[9] Characters like Raymond Babbitt, whose characterization has been criticized for adhering to stereotypes, are portrayed as having an otherworldly intellectual ability that, rather than disable them from living a "normal" life, instead assists them in a nearly magical way. Although having savant abilities is certainly a possibility for autistic individuals, the combination is incredibly rare.[46] Conversely, Rain Man has also been seen as dispelling a number of other misconceptions about autism, and improving public awareness of the failure of many agencies to accommodate autistic people and make use of the abilities they do have, regardless of whether they have savant skills or not.[47]

Since Dustin Hoffman's 1989 Academy Award win for his performance in Rain Man, about half of all Best Actor trophies have been awarded for portrayals of characters who are disabled in some way; none of these recipients share their characters' disabilities in real life.[48][49] Just one year after Hoffman's win, Daniel Day-Lewis (thus far the only actor to have won three awards in the category) garnered his first Best Actor win for his portrayal of cerebral palsy patient Christy Brown in My Left Foot. The Academy's incentivizing of such casting practices has drawn criticism from disabled actors and self-advocates, who argue that these decisions sideline more authentic stories about disabled characters, in favor of leveraging already-established actors' prestige.[50][51] This pattern has even been satirized by the 2008 film Tropic Thunder (in which Tom Cruise also appears), wherein Robert Downey Jr.'s character, Kirk Lazarus, chastises a fellow actor for portraying a character whose developmental disability is deemed too alienating for a mainstream audience.[52]

Rain Man is also known for popularizing the misconception that card counting is illegal in the United States.[53]

In 2006, the film was recognized by the American Film Institute in their list of 100 Years...100 Cheers at #63.[54]

[edit]

The cold open sketch in the April 1, 1989, installment of Saturday Night Live spoofed both the film and the Pete Rose gambling scandal at the time. Charlie and Raymond Babbitt were played by Ben Stiller and Dana Carvey, respectively, with Phil Hartman as Rose.[55] The Babbitt brothers appear in The Simpsons Season 5 episode "$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Gambling)". The film is mentioned in numerous other films, such as Miss Congeniality, 21, The Hangover, and Escape Room, as well as in the television series Breaking Bad and Barry.

Raymond Babbitt was caricatured as a rain cloud in the animated episode of The Nanny, "Oy to the World". During the episode, Fran fixes up CC the Abominable Babcock with the Rain Man. He is portrayed as a cloud of rain mumbling about weather patterns and being an excellent driver.

References to Rain Man, Dustin Hoffman's performance in particular, have become a popular shorthand for autism and savantism. In the final episode of the first season of Community, Pierce calls Abed "Rain Man" when listing members of the study group; Abed had been described previously as having Asperger's Syndrome, which is now diagnosed as autism spectrum disorder.[56] In the 2015 biographical drama film Steve Jobs, when Jobs (played by Michael Fassbender) is confronted by Apple CEO John Sculley (Jeff Daniels), he refers to co-founder Steve Wozniak (Seth Rogen) as "Rain Man". In the film, Fear Street Part One: 1994, Simon, surprised by Josh's knowledge of a seemingly unknown girl who had attacked him, says: "Jesus, Rain Man. How [...] do you know that?".

Qantas and airline controversy

[edit]

In June 1989, at least fifteen major airlines showed edited versions of Rain Man that omitted the scene involving Raymond's refusal to fly, mentioning the crashes of American Airlines Flight 625, Delta Air Lines Flight 191, and Continental Airlines Flight 1713, except on Australia-based Qantas. Those criticizing this decision included film director Barry Levinson, co-screenwriter Ronald Bass, and George Kirgo (at the time, the President of the Writers Guild of America, West). "I think it's a key scene to the entire movie," Levinson said in a telephone interview. "That's why it's in there. It launches their entire odyssey across country – because they couldn't fly." Although some of those airlines cited as justification avoiding having airplane passengers feel uncomfortable in sympathy with Raymond during the in-flight entertainment, the scene was shown intact on flights of Qantas, and commentators noted that Raymond mentions it as the only airline whose planes have "never crashed".[57][58]

The film is credited with introducing Qantas's safety record to U.S. consumers.[59][60] However, contrary to the claims made in the film, Qantas aircraft have been involved in a number of fatal accidents since the airline's founding in 1920 (although none involving jet aircraft, with the last incident taking place in December 1951).[61]

The Buick convertible

[edit]

Two 1949 Roadmaster convertibles were used in the filming, one of which had its rear suspension stiffened to bear the additional load of camera equipment and a cameraman. After filming completed, the unmodified car was acquired by Hoffman, who had it restored and added it to his collection. He kept it for 34 years. Hemmings Motor News reported that the car was auctioned in January 2022 by Bonhams in Scottsdale, Arizona, and sold for $335,000.[62] The camera-carrying car was similarly acquired by Barry Levinson, who had it restored by Wayne Carini of the Chasing Classic Cars television series a few years later.

See also

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Tied with Martin Landau for Tucker: The Man and His Dream and Dean Stockwell for Married to the Mob

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e "Rain Man (1988)". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Archived from the original on November 5, 2018. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  2. ^ a b c Rain Man at Box Office Mojo
  3. ^ a b "Rain Man (1988) - Financial Information". The Numbers.
  4. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  5. ^ a b c Barry Morrow's audio commentary for Rain Man from the DVD release.
  6. ^ "Berlinale: 1989 Prize Winners". berlinale.de. Archived from the original on June 9, 2019. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
  7. ^ a b "The 61st Academy Awards (1989) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved July 31, 2011.
  8. ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (February 9, 2022). "MGM's Michael de Luca & Pam Abdy on Studio's First In-House Best Picture Oscar Nomination in 33 Years, Being "Mildly Psychotically Obsessive" About Movies & What's Ahead – Q&A". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on July 2, 2024.
  9. ^ a b c d "Rain Man at 30: damaging stereotype or 'the best thing that happened to autism'?". the Guardian. December 13, 2018. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
  10. ^ Mell, Eila (January 24, 2015). Casting Might-Have-Beens: A Film by Film Directory of Actors Considered for Roles Given to Others. McFarland. ISBN 9781476609768.
  11. ^ Patches, Matt (January 9, 2014). "Remembering 'Rain Man': The $350 Million Movie That Hollywood Wouldn't Touch Today". Grantland. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
  12. ^ a b Bass' audio commentary for Rain Man from the DVD release.
  13. ^ Guidry, Ken (June 11, 2013). "Watch: 36-Minute 1990 Interview With Steven Spielberg, Regrets Passing On 'Rain Man' For 'Indy 3' & More".
  14. ^ "» Old Interview Footage Shows Spielberg Regretted Skipping Rain Man to do Last Crusade".
  15. ^ "Mickey Rourke: a life in film". Time Out. Archived from the original on May 9, 2018. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
  16. ^ Barfield, Charles (June 29, 2018). "Mel Gibson Wishes He Would Have Said Yes To Dustin Hoffman's Role In 'Rain Man'". The Playlist.
  17. ^ "Dustin Hoffman acceptance speech for Actor in a Leading Role 1988 Academy Award". Academy Awards Acceptance Speech Database. March 29, 1989. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
  18. ^ "Autism: D-U-S-T-I-N". Los Angeles Magazine. September 1, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
  19. ^ "Joseph's Story". Autism Services Center. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
  20. ^ Alter, Maxim; Maxwell, Emily (February 28, 2014). "Then and Now: A look back at 'Rain Man' in Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky". WCPO. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
  21. ^ Niemann, Greg (2006). Palm Springs Legends: creation of a desert oasis. San Diego, CA: Sunbelt Publications. p. 286. ISBN 978-0-932653-74-1. OCLC 61211290. (here for Table of Contents Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine)
  22. ^ "Weekend Box Office: December 16–18, 1988". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on September 9, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  23. ^ "Weekend Box Office: December 30 – January 2, 1988". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on September 24, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  24. ^ "Rain Man (1988)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
  25. ^ "Rain Man Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on March 11, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
  26. ^ "Cinemascore :: Movie Title Search". December 20, 2018. Archived from the original on December 20, 2018. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
  27. ^ a b Canby, Vincent (December 16, 1988). "Review/Film; Brotherly Love, of Sorts". The New York Times. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
  28. ^ Ebert, Roger (December 16, 1988). "Rain Man movie review & film summary (1988)". RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on December 6, 2022. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
  29. ^ Siskel, Gene (December 16, 1988). "Cruise's Performance Gives 'Rain Man' Strength". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on February 27, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  30. ^ Dawes, Amy (December 14, 1988). "Rain Man". Variety. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009.
  31. ^ Kael, Pauline (February 6, 1989). "Stunt". The New Yorker. Retrieved February 17, 2023 – via Scraps From The Loft.
  32. ^ "100 Film Critics Can't Be Wrong, Can They? : The critics' consensus choice for the 'best' movie of '88 is . . . a documentary!". Los Angeles Times. January 8, 1989. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  33. ^ "The ASC Awards for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography". Archived from the original on August 2, 2011.
  34. ^ "PRIZES & HONOURS 1989". Berlin International Film Festival. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
  35. ^ "BAFTA Awards: Film in 1990". BAFTA. 1990. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
  36. ^ "The 1990 Caesars Ceremony". César Awards. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
  37. ^ "Chicago Film Critics Awards – 1988–97". Chicago Film Critics Association. Archived from the original on April 22, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
  38. ^ "41st DGA Awards". Directors Guild of America Awards. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
  39. ^ "Rain Man – Golden Globes". HFPA. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
  40. ^ "KCFCC Award Winners – 1980-89". December 14, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
  41. ^ "Past Awards". National Society of Film Critics. December 19, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  42. ^ "1988 New York Film Critics Circle Awards". Mubi. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
  43. ^ "People's Choice Awards honor public favorites - UPI Archives". UPI. March 12, 1989. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
  44. ^ "Awards Winners". wga.org. Writers Guild of America. Archived from the original on December 5, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
  45. ^ a b Silberman, Steve (2015). NeuroTribes. New York: Avery. ISBN 978-1-58333-467-6.
  46. ^ Prochnow, Alexandria (2014). "An Analysis of Autism Through Media Representation". ETC: A Review of General Semantics. 71 (2): 133–149. ISSN 0014-164X. JSTOR 24761922.
  47. ^ Treffert, Darold. "Rain Man, the Movie/Rain Man, Real Life". Wisconsin Medical Society. Archived from the original on August 27, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2014.
  48. ^ Moyer, Justin Wm (October 25, 2021). "Welcome, Eddie Redmayne: Since 'Rain Man,' majority of Best Actor Oscar winners played sick or disabled". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
  49. ^ Gilbert, Aaliya (May 12, 2018). "Oscars so Abled? The Overwhelming Frequency of Non-disabled Actors Portraying Disabled Characters". The Oxford Student. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
  50. ^ Yates, Jessy (February 22, 2019). "Dreaming of a Hollywood Ending for Actors With Disabilities (Guest Column)". Variety. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
  51. ^ Stewart, Sophia (January 30, 2018). "The Oscars Love Movies About Disability, Not Disabled Actors". Film School Rejects. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
  52. ^ Lopez, Kristen (November 2, 2018). "Ten Years Of Missing The Point of 'Tropic Thunder's' Thoughts On Mental Disability". Forbes. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  53. ^ Rose, I. Nelson; Loeb, Robert A. (1999). Blackjack and the Law. Rge Pub. ISBN 978-0-910575-08-9.
  54. ^ "AFI's 100 Years…100 Cheers". American Film Institute. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
  55. ^ NBC photograph of the Saturday Night Live sketch spoofing Rain Man and the Pete Rose gambling scandal from April 1, 1989. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
  56. ^ VanDerWerff, Emily (May 21, 2010). "Community: "Pascal's Triangle Revisited"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved May 5, 2023.
  57. ^ "Airlines Cut Scene From 'Rain Man'". The New York Times. June 29, 1989. Archived from the original on June 13, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  58. ^ Weinstein, Steve (June 29, 1989). "Uneasy Airlines Get Final Cut on 'Rain Man'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 16, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  59. ^ Kamenev, Marina (November 24, 2010). "Qantas: Airline Safety's Golden Child No More?". Time. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  60. ^ "Is Qantas still the world's safest airline?". News.com.au. January 7, 2014. Archived from the original on January 7, 2014. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  61. ^ Palmer, Brian (November 1, 2011). "Is Qantas The World's Safest Airline?". Slate. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  62. ^ Symes, Steven (January 31, 2022). "Rain Man Buick Roadmaster Sells For $335,000". motorious.com. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
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