Jump to content

Pansexuality

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Pansexualism.

Pansexuality
Pronunciation/ˌpænsɛkʃuˈælɪti/ PAN-sek-shoo-AL-it-ee
EtymologyAncient Greek: πᾶν, romanized: pân, meaning 'all'
DefinitionSexual or romantic attraction to people regardless of gender
ClassificationSexual identity
Parent categoryPlurisexuality
Other terms
Associated terms
Flag
Pansexual pride flag
Pansexual pride flag
Flag namePansexual pride flag
MeaningPink, yellow and blue respectively representing attraction to women, non-binary people and men
Sexual orientation
Sexual orientations
Related terms
Research
Animals
Related topics
Part of a series on
Bisexuality topics
      
Sexual identities
Studies
Attitudes, slang and discrimination
Community and literature
Lists
See also
LGBTQ portal
Part of a series on
LGBTQ topics
      
Sexual orientation and gender
History
General
Identities
Culture
Rights
Health
Social attitudes
Issues
Academic fields and discourse
LGBTQ portal

Pansexuality is sexual, romantic, or emotional attraction towards people of all genders, or regardless of their sex or gender identity.[1][2] Pansexual people may refer to themselves as gender-blind, asserting that gender and sex are not determining factors in their romantic or sexual attraction to others.[3][4]

Pansexuality is sometimes considered a sexual orientation in its own right or, at other times, as a branch of bisexuality (since attraction to all genders falls under the category of attraction to people of the same gender and different genders[5]) to indicate a lack of gender preference.[2][6][7] While pansexual people are open to relationships with people who do not identify as strictly men or women, and pansexuality therefore explicitly rejects the gender binary in terms of the chosen etymology,[2][8] this is by no means a feature which is exclusive to pansexuality and can also be found in broad definitions of homosexuality, bisexuality and the asexual spectrum.

History of the term

Pansexuality is also sometimes called omnisexuality.[9][10][11] Omnisexuality may be used to describe those "attracted to people of all genders across the gender spectrum", and pansexuality may be used to describe the same people, or those attracted to people "regardless of gender".[12] The prefix pan- comes from the Ancient Greek πᾶν (pan), meaning "all, every".

In 1878, Machado de Assis, a renowned Brazilian writer of the 19th century, made one of the first known uses to date in Portuguese of the term "omnisexual" for his criticism of the novel O Primo de Basílio by Eça de Queirós. The review was published in the newspaper of the time, O Cruzeiro, which, on April 16, 1878, featured a review signed by Eleazar, the pseudonym of Machado de Assis, on the cover of the newspaper.[13] Machado de Assis classified the naturalism and lack of sexual filter present in the novel as “reminiscences and allusions of an eroticism that Proudhon would call omnisexual and omnimod”.[14][15]

Early individuals who displayed pansexual tendencies include John Wilmot[16] and Friedrich Schiller.[17] Although later attributed to Shulamith Firestone,[18] the hybrid words "pansexual" and "pansexualism" were first attested in 1914 (spelled "pan-sexualism"), coined by opponents of Sigmund Freud[19] to denote the idea "that the sex instinct plays the primary part in all human activity, mental and physical".[20][a] The term was translated to German as Pansexualismus in Freud's work Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego.[22]

The word "pansexual" is attested as a term for a variety of attraction, alongside "omnisexual" (coming from the Latin omnis, "all") and the earlier "bisexual", by the 1970s.[23] Bi Any Other Name states that "pansexual people have been actively involved in the bisexual community since the 1970s."[24] The term "pansexuality" emerged as a term for a sexual identity or sexual orientation in the 1990s, "to describe desires that already existed for many people".[25][12] Social psychologist Nikki Hayfield states that the term saw early use in BDSM communities.[12]

In 2010, the pansexual flag was posted on a Tumblr blog to represent the pansexual community.[26] It was designed by Jasper Varney.[27] The colors are intended to represent attraction and gender spectrum, with cyan for attraction to men, pink for attraction to women, and yellow for attraction to non-binary people.[28]

Variations on pansexual are beginning to appear in surveys, e.g., panqueer, which combines pansexual with queer, has been used by participants in a study on non-medical impacts of COVID-19.[29]

Comparison to bisexuality and other sexual identities

Definitions

Couple kissing in front of a pansexual flag

A literal dictionary definition of bisexuality, due to the prefix "bi-", is sexual or romantic attraction to two sexes (males and females), to two genders (men and women),[10][30] or attraction to both people of the same gender and different genders.[5]

Pansexuality, however, composed with the prefix "pan-", is the sexual attraction to a person of any sex or gender. Using these definitions, pansexuality is defined differently by explicitly including people who are intersex or outside the gender binary.[2][10]

Volume 2 of Cavendish's Sex and Society states that "although the term's literal meaning can be interpreted as "attracted to everything", people who identify as pansexual do not usually include paraphilias, such as bestiality, pedophilia and necrophilia, in their definition", and that they "stress that the term 'pansexuality' describes only consensual adult sexual behaviors."[2]

The definition of pansexuality can encourage the belief that it is the only sexual identity that covers individuals who do not cleanly fit into the categories of male or man, or female or woman.[1][8][10] However, bisexual-identified people and scholars may object to the notion that bisexuality means sexual attraction to only two genders, arguing that since "bisexual" is not simply about attraction to two sexes and encompasses attraction to different genders as well, it includes attraction to more than two genders.[10][31] Gender is considered more complex than the state of one's sex, as gender includes genetic, hormonal, environmental and social factors.[2] Furthermore, the term "bisexual" is sometimes defined as the romantic or sexual attraction to multiple genders.[10] The Bisexual Resource Center, for example, defines bisexuality as "an umbrella term for people who recognize and honor their potential for sexual and emotional attraction to more than one gender",[32] while the American Institute of Bisexuality states that the term "bisexual" "is an open and inclusive term for many kinds of people with same-sex and different-sex attractions"[33] and that "the scientific classification 'bisexual' only addresses the physical, biological sex of the people involved, not the gender-presentation."[31]

Scholar Shiri Eisner states that terms such as "pansexual", "omnisexual", "polysexual", "queer", etc. are being used in place of the term "bisexual" because "bisexuality, it's been claimed, is a gender binary, and therefore oppressive, word" and that "the great debate is being perpetuated and developed by bisexual-identified transgender and genderqueer people on the one hand, and non-bi-identified transgender and genderqueer people on the other." Eisner argues that "the allegations of binarism have little to do with bisexuality's actual attributes or bisexual people's behavior in real life" and that the allegations are a political method to keep the bisexual and transgender movements separated, because of those who believe that bisexuality ignores or erases the visibility of transgender and genderqueer people.[10]

The American Institute of Bisexuality argues that "terms like 'pansexual', 'polysexual', 'omnisexual', and 'ambisexual' also describe a person with homosexual and heterosexual attractions, and therefore people with those labels are also bisexual" and that "by replacing the prefix bi – (two, both) with pan- (all), poly- (many), omni- (all), ambi- (both, and implying ambiguity in this case), people who adopt these labels seek to clearly express the fact that gender does not factor into their own sexuality", but "this does not mean, however, that people who identify as bisexual are fixated on gender."[33] The institute believes that the idea that identifying as bisexual reinforces a false gender binary "has its roots in the anti-science, anti-Enlightenment philosophy that has ironically found a home within many Queer Studies departments at universities across the Anglophone world", and that, "while it is true that our society's language and terminology do not necessarily reflect the full spectrum of human gender diversity, that is hardly the fault of people who choose to identify as bi. ... The Latin prefix bi- does indeed indicate two or both, however the 'both' indicated in the word bisexual are merely 'homosexual' (lit. same sex) and 'heterosexual' (lit. different sex)." The institute argues that heterosexuality and homosexuality, by contrast, "are defined by the boundary of two sexes/genders. Given those fundamental facts, any criticism of bisexuality as reinforcing a gender binary is misplaced. Over time, our society's concept of human sex and gender may well change."[31]

Tensions with bisexuals

Bisexuals frequently struggle with myths and misconceptions about the definition of bisexuality, such as the idea that bisexuality conforms to the gender binary (thereby excluding attraction to nonbinary individuals), or excludes attraction to trans people in general. This sometimes creates tension between bisexuals and pansexuals, as pansexuals often see themselves as being more inclusive to a wider array of genders.[34] A 2022 study by the Journal of Bisexuality suggests that the majority of women who identify as pansexual or queer defined bisexuality as limited to attraction to cisgender men and women and critiqued bisexuality as reinforcing the traditional gender binary. However, bisexual women defined bisexuality as attraction to two or more, or "similar or dissimilar", genders, described bisexuality as inclusive of attractions to all genders, and reported negative psychological outcomes as a result of the debate around bisexual gender inclusivity.[35]

In another study, Ashley Green noted that pansexual participants sought to authenticate their identity as pansexual by juxtaposing it with bisexuality, often speaking of bisexuality as being inferior to pansexuality, most notably because they felt it excluded individuals who did not identify within the gender binary, some expressing very negative feelings toward bisexual individuals and positioning "pansexuality as being the superior identity as a result of its inclusivity, demonizing bisexual individuals as being transphobic if they do not identify as pansexual once they are informed that there is a 'better' identity". Green notes that this does not account for the large percentage of transgender and nonbinary individuals who also identify as bisexual, and characterizes these participants as contributing to a long history of biphobia. While some participants spoke favorably of bisexuality, describing the recognition of the validity of pansexuality as being contingent on the recognition of the validity of bisexuality, Green concludes by saying "In borrowing narratives that they are familiar with, the pansexual individuals interviewed in this study reinforced an essentialist understanding of identity despite their attempts to deconstruct gender binaries".[36]

A 2017 study published in the Journal of Bisexuality found that when bisexuals and pansexuals described gender and defined bisexuality, "there were no differences in how pansexual and bisexual people ... discussed sex or gender", and that the findings "do not support the stereotype that bisexual people endorse a binary view of gender while pansexual people do not."[37]

Umbrella term

Social psychologist Corey Flanders said the "bisexual umbrella" is a term used to describe a range of sexual identities and communities that express attraction to multiple genders, often grouping together those who identify as bisexual, pansexual, queer, and fluid, as well as other identities. The term faces issues of balancing inclusivity with cohesiveness where, on one hand, the term can bring together many disparate identities and gather their experiences, and on the other, it can lead to too many sub-groupings and exclude those who identify with more than one sexual identity.[38]

The term "pansexuality" is sometimes used interchangeably with "bisexuality", and, similarly, people who identify as bisexual may "feel that gender, biological sex, and sexual orientation should not be a focal point in potential [romantic/sexual] relationships."[2] Additionally, "pansexuality" is often used in conjunction with "bisexuality", which can pose difficulties in studying differences and similarities in experiences between those who identify as pansexual and those who identify as bisexual and not pansexual.[12] In one study analyzing sexual identities described as alternative terms for bisexual or bi-self labels, "half of all bisexual and bisexual-identified respondents also chose alternative self-labels such as 'queer', 'pansexual', 'pansensual', 'polyfidelitous', 'ambisexual', 'polysexual', or personalized identities such as 'byke' or 'biphilic'."[6] In a 2017 study, identifying as pansexual was found to be "most appealing to nonheterosexual women and noncisgender individuals."[39] Polysexuality is similar to pansexuality in definition, meaning "encompassing more than one sexuality", but not necessarily encompassing all sexualities. This is distinct from polyamory, which means more than one intimate relationship at the same time with the knowledge and consent of everyone involved.

Sexual fluidity is different from gender fluidity. Sexual fluidity is a concept that describes how a person's sexual identity may shift, and can shift at any time.[40] The American Institute of Bisexuality stated that the term 'fluid' "expresses the fact that the balance of a person's homosexual and heterosexual attractions exists in a state of flux and changes over time."[33]

Eisner states that "the idea of bisexuality as an umbrella term can emphasize a multiplicity of identities, forms of desire, lived experiences, and politics," and "resist a single standard" of defining bisexual-umbrella identities and communities, including pansexuality and pansexuals. Eisner also says that only those who want to be included under the bisexual umbrella should be included.[41] The term "plurisexualities" is used by social psychologist Nikki Hayfield over bisexuality as an umbrella term "to capture additional identities relating to attraction to multiple genders", while also referring to specific identities like "bisexual", "asexual", and "pansexual".[12]

In contrast to the idea of a bisexual umbrella, scholars Christopher Belous and Melissa Bauman propose that pansexuality might be considered more of an umbrella term than bisexuality, arguing that because pansexuality is often defined more broadly than bisexuality, bisexuality may exist under the umbrella of "pansexual orientations". They noted that more research is necessary to clarify which of the two terms might be more appropriate as an umbrella term.[42] Scholar Emily Prior questions the use of bisexuality as an umbrella term, noting that "the empirical evidence just isn't there" to determine whether bisexuality can effectively act as an umbrella term.[43] Social psychologist Joye Swan argues that including other orientations under the bisexual umbrella contributes to bisexual invisibility, invisibility for other sexualities, and presumes that "all or most bisexual people agree with being categorized" under the bisexual umbrella.[43]

Demographics

A 2016 Harris Poll survey of 2,000 US adults commissioned by GLAAD[44] found that among 18-34 year-olds, about two percent self-identify as pansexual[45] and approximately one percent in all other age groups.[46] In 2017, 14% of a sample of 12,000 LGBTQ youth between 13 and 17 years of age declared themselves pansexual in a Human Rights Campaign/University of Connecticut survey.[47][48]

According to the National Center for Transgender Equality, 25% of American transgender people identify as bisexual.[49] One New Zealand 2019 study of a nationally representative group of bisexual and pansexual participants found that younger, gender-diverse, and Maori people were more likely to self-identify as pansexual compared to bisexual.[50] The 2021 IPSOS survey found that the United States was the country with the highest percentage of pansexual individuals.[51]

Pansexual & Panromantic Days

There are two main LGBTQ awareness periods for pansexual and panromantic people. One of them is the annual Pansexual & Panromantic Awareness Day (24 May),[52] first celebrated in 2015, to promote awareness of and celebrate pansexual and panromantic identities. Another one is the Pansexual Pride Day, celebrated every December 8th.[53][54]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Another early definition was "the pervasion of all conduct and experience with sexual emotions".[21]

References

  1. ^ a b Hill, Marjorie J.; Jones, Billy E. (2002). Mental health issues in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender communities. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-58562-069-2. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Sex and Society. Vol. 2. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. 2010. p. 593. ISBN 978-0-7614-7907-9. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  3. ^ Diamond, Lisa M.; Butterworth, Molly (September 2008). "Questioning gender and sexual identity: dynamic links over time". Sex Roles. 59 (5–6). New York City: Springer: 365–376. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9425-3. S2CID 143706723. Pdf. Archived 10 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ The Oxford Dictionary of English defines pansexual as: "Not limited in sexual choice with regard to biological sex, gender, or gender identity"."definition of pansexual from Oxford Dictionaries Online". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  5. ^ a b "Pansexuality | Definition, Meaning, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  6. ^ a b Firestein, Beth A. (2007). Becoming Visible: Counseling Bisexuals Across the Lifespan. New York City: Columbia University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-231-13724-9. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  7. ^ Sherwood Thompson (2014). Encyclopedia of Diversity and Social Justice. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 98. ISBN 978-1442216068. Archived from the original on 14 October 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2020. There are many other identity labels that could fall under the wider umbrella of bisexuality, such as pansexual, omnisexual, biromantic, or fluid (Eisner, 2013).
  8. ^ a b Soble, Alan (2006). "Bisexuality". Sex from Plato to Paglia: a philosophical encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-313-32686-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
  9. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Archived 8 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine – Fourth Edition. Retrieved February 9, 2007, from Dictionary.com website
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Eisner, Shiri (2013). Bi: Notes for a Bisexual Revolution. New York City: Seal Press. pp. 27–31. ISBN 978-1580054751. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  11. ^ McAllum, Mary-Anne (2017). Young Bisexual Women's Experiences in Secondary Schools. Routledge. p. 2034. ISBN 978-1-351-79682-8. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  12. ^ a b c d e Hayfield, Nikki (2020). Bisexual and Pansexual Identities: Exploring and Challenging Invisibility and Invalidation. Routledge. pp. 1–17. ISBN 9780429875410.
  13. ^ "O Cruzeiro (RJ) - 1878 - DocReader Web". memoria.bn.br. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
  14. ^ "Eça de Queirós: O Primo Basílio". Machado de Assis - Vida e Obra. Archived from the original on 4 August 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
  15. ^ Mendes, Leonardo Pinto (2000). O retrato do Imperador: negociação, sexualidade e romance naturalista no Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). EDIPUCRS. p. 30. ISBN 978-85-7430-165-5.
  16. ^ Hardy, M. (2012). Catastrophic Bliss. Griot Project book series. Bucknell University Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-1-61148-494-6. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  17. ^ Freud, Sigmund (2011). Beyond the Pleasure Principle. New York: Broadview Press. p. 258. ISBN 978-1-55111-994-6.
  18. ^ Nehring, Daniel; Plummer, Ken (2014). Sociology: An Introductory Textbook and Reader. Taylor & Francis. p. 516. ISBN 9781317861737. Alternative types of sexual orientation include those documented by Queen (1997): 'omnisexual', (attracted to multiple genders), and 'pansexual', a term coined by Firestone (1970) to mean diverse, unbounded desire.
  19. ^ "pansexual, adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, March 2021, www.oed.com/view/Entry/136944. Accessed 3 May 2021.
  20. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  21. ^ The Free Dictionary Archived 28 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Dot, Wordsworth (18 January 2020). "Pansexuality has been around longer than you think". The Spectator. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  23. ^ Klemesrud, Judy (1 April 1974). "The Bisexuals". New York. Vol. 7, no. 13. p. 37.
  24. ^ Ka'ahumanu, Lani; Hutchins, Loraine, eds. (2015). Bi Any Other Name: Bisexual People Speak Out (2nd ed.). New York: Riverdale Avenue Books. p. 24. ISBN 978-1626011991.
  25. ^ Goldberg, Abbie, ed. (13 April 2016). The SAGE Encyclopedia of LGBTQ Studies. SAGE Publications. p. 833. ISBN 9781483371290.
  26. ^ Queerstory: An Infographic History of the Fight for LGBTQ+ Rights. Simon and Schuster. 6 October 2020. ISBN 978-1-9821-4237-7.
  27. ^ Olphin, Olivia (2021). "Is there a new pan flag 2021? New Pride flag confuses Twitter users". The Focus. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  28. ^ Dastagir, Alia E.; Oliver, David (1 June 2021). "LGBTQ Pride flags go beyond the classic rainbow. Here's what each one means". USA Today. Archived from the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  29. ^ Levandowski, BA; Miller, SB; Ran, D; Pressman, EA; Van der Dye, T (2022). "Piling it on: Perceived stress and lack of access to resources among US-based LGBTQ+ community members during the COVID-19 pandemic". PLOS ONE. 17 (7): e0271162. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1771162L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0271162. PMC 9269365. PMID 35802684.
  30. ^ "GLAAD Media Reference Guide". Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  31. ^ a b c "Doesn't identifying as bisexual reinforce a false gender binary?". American Institute of Bisexuality. 2014. Archived from the original on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
  32. ^ Bisexual Resource Council/Bisexual Resource Center (2010). "BRC Brochure 2010" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  33. ^ a b c "What is the difference between bisexual and terms like pansexual, polysexual, omnisexual, ambisexual, and fluid?". American Institute of Bisexuality. 2014. Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
  34. ^ Dodd, S. J. (19 July 2021). The Routledge International Handbook of Social Work and Sexualities. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-40861-4.
  35. ^ Cipriano, Allison E.; Nguyen, Daniel; Holland, Kathryn J. (2 October 2022). ""Bisexuality Isn't Exclusionary": A Qualitative Examination of Bisexual Definitions and Gender Inclusivity Concerns among Plurisexual Women". Journal of Bisexuality. 22 (4): 557–579. doi:10.1080/15299716.2022.2060892. ISSN 1529-9716.
  36. ^ Simula, Brandy L.; Sumerau, J. E.; Miller, Andrea (9 March 2020). Expanding the Rainbow: Exploring the Relationships of Bi+, Polyamorous, Kinky, Ace, Intersex, and Trans People. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-41410-5.
  37. ^ Flanders, Corey E. (January–March 2017). "Defining Bisexuality: Young Bisexual and Pansexual People's Voices". Journal of Bisexuality. 17 (1): 39–57. doi:10.1080/15299716.2016.1227016. S2CID 151944900.
  38. ^ Flanders, Corey E. (January 2017). "Under the Bisexual Umbrella: Diversity of Identity and Experience". Journal of Bisexuality. 17 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1080/15299716.2017.1297145. S2CID 149216319.
  39. ^ Morandini, James S.; Blaszczynski, Alexander; Dar-Nimrod, Ilan (2017). "Who Adopts Queer and Pansexual Sexual Identities?". The Journal of Sex Research. 54 (7): 911–922. doi:10.1080/00224499.2016.1249332. ISSN 0022-4499. PMID 27911091. S2CID 5113284.
  40. ^ Morandini, James S.; Blaszczynski, Alexander; Dar-Nimrod, Ilan (2 December 2016). "Who Adopts Queer and Pansexual Sexual Identities?". The Journal of Sex Research. 54 (7): 911–922. doi:10.1080/00224499.2016.1249332. ISSN 0022-4499. PMID 27911091. S2CID 5113284.
  41. ^ Eisner, Shiri (2013). Bi: Notes for a Bisexual Revolution. New York City: Seal Press. pp. 27–31. ISBN 978-1580054751. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  42. ^ Belous, Christopher K.; Bauman, Melissa L. (January 2017). "What's in a Name? Exploring Pansexuality Online". Journal of Bisexuality. 17 (56): 58–72. doi:10.1080/15299716.2016.1224212. S2CID 152208083 – via LGBTQ+ Source, EBSCOhost.
  43. ^ a b Swan, Joye D. (2018). Bisexuality: Theories, Research, and Recommendations for the Invisible Sexuality. New York, NY: Springer. pp. ix–xiii, 49–56. ISBN 9783319715353.
  44. ^ "Accelerating Acceptance: GLAAD Study Reveals Twenty Percent of Millennials Identify as LGBTQ". GLAAD. 30 March 2017. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  45. ^ Murphy, Brian (31 March 2017). "1 in 5 millennials identifies as LGBTQ, according to new survey". The Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  46. ^ "Accelerating Acceptance 2017. A Harris Poll survey of Americans' acceptance of LGBTQ people" (PDF). GLAAD. 2017. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2021. Sexual orientation by age group (...) Pansexual 2% [age group 18-34], 1% [35-51], 1% [52-71], 1% [72+]
  47. ^ "2018 LGBTQ Youth Report". Human Rights Campaign. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  48. ^ Sherouse, Beth (12 June 2018). "More youth are identifying as 'pansexual.' Here's what the term means". Think Progress. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  49. ^ Harrison, Jack (5 June 2013). "Wonky Wednesday: Trans people & sexual orientation". Archived from the original on 10 March 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  50. ^ Greaves, Lara M. (2019). "Comparing Pansexual- and Bisexual-Identified Participants on Demographics, Psychological Well-Being, and Political Ideology in a New Zealand National Sample". Journal of Sex Research. 56 (9): 1083–1090. doi:10.1080/00224499.2019.1568376. PMID 30724611. S2CID 73436199. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  51. ^ Boyon, Nicolas (9 June 2021). "GBT+ Pride 2021 Global Survey points to a generation gap around gender identity and sexual attraction". ispos.com. Ipsos Group. Archived from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  52. ^ "Pansexual and Panromantic Awareness & Visibility Day 2020". Gendered Intelligence. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  53. ^ Wakefield, Lily (8 December 2021). "5 very important facts pansexual people want you to know about pansexuality". PinkNews. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  54. ^ "How You Can Celebrate Pansexual Pride Day". Gayety. 8 December 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2022.

Further reading

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pansexuality&oldid=1263267033"