Jump to content

German Shepherd

Checked
Page protected with pending changes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Alsatian (dog breed))

German Shepherd
Adult male
Other names
  • German Shepherd Dog
  • Alsatian
  • Alsatian Wolf Dog
  • Deutscher Schäferhund
  • Altdeutsche Schäferhunde
OriginGermany
Traits
Height Males
60–65 cm (24–26 in)[1]
Females
55–60 cm (22–24 in)[1]
Weight Males
30–40 kg (66–88 lb)[1]
Females
22–32 kg (49–71 lb)[1]
Coat Double coat
Colour Tan with black saddle, sable, solid black or bi-colour
Litter size 6 to 8[2]: 40 
Kennel club standards
VDH standard
The Royal Kennel Club standard
Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard
Dog (domestic dog)

The German Shepherd,[a] also known in Britain as an Alsatian, is a German breed of working dog of medium to large size. The breed was developed by Max von Stephanitz using various traditional German herding dogs from 1899.

It was originally bred as a herding dog, for herding sheep. It has since been used in many other types of work, including disability assistance, search-and-rescue, police work, and warfare. It is commonly kept as a companion dog, and according to the Fédération Cynologique Internationale had the second-highest number of annual registrations in 2013.[3]

History

[edit]
Max von Stephanitz, the founder of the breed (with Horand von Grafrath), circa 1900
Illustration from 1909

During the 1890s, attempts were being made to standardise dog breeds.[4] Dogs were being bred to preserve traits that assisted in their job of herding sheep and protecting their flocks from predators.[5] In Germany this was practised within local communities, where shepherds selected and bred dogs. It was recognised that the breed had the necessary skills for herding sheep, such as intelligence, speed, strength and keen sense of smell.[5] The results were dogs that were able to do such things, but that differed significantly, both in appearance and ability, from one locality to another.[4]

To combat these differences, the Phylax Society was formed in 1891 with the intention of creating standardised development plans for native dog breeds in Germany.[5] The society disbanded after only three years due to ongoing internal conflicts regarding the traits in dogs that the society should promote;[5] some members believed dogs should be bred solely for working purposes, while others believed dogs should be bred also for appearance.[6] While unsuccessful in their goal, the Phylax Society had inspired people to pursue standardising dog breeds independently.

With the rise of large, industrialised cities in Germany, the predator population began to decline, rendering sheepdogs unnecessary.[5] At the same time, the awareness of sheepdogs as a versatile, intelligent class of canine began to rise.[5] Max von Stephanitz, an ex-cavalry captain and former student of the Berlin Veterinary College, was an ex-member of the Phylax Society who firmly believed dogs should be bred for working.[5] He admired the intelligence, strength and ability of Germany's native sheepdogs, but could not find any one single breed that satisfied him as the perfect working dog.[5]

In 1899, von Stephanitz was attending a dog show when he was shown a dog named Hektor Linksrhein.[5] Hektor was the product of a few generations of selective breeding and completely fulfilled what von Stephanitz believed a working dog should be. He was pleased with the strength of the dog and was so taken by the animal's intelligence, loyalty, and beauty, that he purchased him immediately.[4] After purchasing the dog he changed his name to Horand von Grafrath and von Stephanitz founded the Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde (Society for German Shepherd Dogs).[4] Horand was declared to be the first German Shepherd Dog, and was the first dog added to the society's breed register.[5] In just a few decades of the Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde's establishment, the breed became one of the world's most popular and numerous, a position it has maintained to this day. By 1923, the Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde claimed 50,000 dues-paying members in more than 500 branches in Germany alone.[7]

Horand became the center-point of the breeding programs and was bred with dogs belonging to other society members that displayed desirable traits and with dogs from Thuringia, Franconia, and Württemberg.[5] Fathering many pups, Horand's most prolific was Hektor von Schwaben.[5][8] Hektor was inbred with another of Horand's offspring and produced Heinz von Starkenburg, Beowulf, and Pilot, who later sired a total of 84 pups, mostly through being inbred with Hektor's other offspring.[5] This inbreeding was deemed necessary in order to fix the traits being sought in the breed.[5] Beowulf's progeny also were inbred and it is from these pups that all German Shepherds draw a genetic link. It is believed the society accomplished its goal mostly due to von Stephanitz's strong, uncompromising leadership and he is therefore credited with being the creator of the German Shepherd Dog.[9]

During the first half of the twentieth century, the breed came to be strongly identified with Imperial and Nazi Germany, because of its association with purity and militarism.[7] German Shepherds were coveted as "germanische Urhunde", being close to the wolf, and became very fashionable during the Nazi era.[10] Adolf Hitler acquired a German Shepherd named "Prinz" in 1921, during his years of poverty, but he had been forced to lodge the dog elsewhere. However, she managed to escape and return to him. Hitler, who adored the loyalty and obedience of the dog, thereafter developed a great liking for the breed.[11] Hitler kept several more of the breed, including Blondi, who was among several dogs in the 'Führerbunker' during the Battle of Berlin at the end of the Second World War. Dogs played a role in Nazi propaganda by portraying Hitler as an animal lover.[10] Preparing for his suicide, Hitler ordered Dr. Werner Haase to test a cyanide capsule on Blondi, and the dog died as a result.[12] Erna Flegel, a nurse who worked at the emergency casualty station in the Reich Chancellery stated in 2005 that Blondi's death had affected the people in the bunker more than Eva Braun's suicide.[13] German Shepherds were also used widely as guard dogs at Nazi concentration camps during the Holocaust.[14]

When the German Shepherd was introduced to the United States it was initially a popular dog.[15] But as the dogs' popularity grew, it became associated as a dangerous breed owned by gangsters and bootleggers.[16][17][18] The reputation of the German Shepherds as a dangerous breed had grown to such an extent that importing them was briefly banned in Australia in 1929.[19] Potential legislation was even considered to require that all German shepherds in South Australia be sterilised.[20]

Naming

[edit]
Sable bitch (left) and dog (right)

The breed was named Deutscher Schäferhund, by von Stephanitz, translating to "German Shepherd Dog".[21] At the time, all other herding dogs in Germany were referred to by this name; they thus became known as Altdeutsche Schäferhunde, or old German herding dogs.

The direct translation of the name was adopted for use in the stud-book; however, at the end of the First World War, it was believed that the inclusion of the word "German" would harm the breed's popularity,[22] due to the anti-German sentiment of the era.[23] The breed was officially renamed by the UK Kennel Club to "Alsatian Wolf Dog",[22] after the French region of Alsace bordering Germany.[5]

Eventually,[when?] the appendage "wolf dog" was dropped,[22] after numerous campaigns by breeders who were worried that becoming known as a wolf-dog hybrid would affect the breed's popularity and legality.[5] The name Alsatian remained for five decades,[22] until 1977, when successful campaigns by dog enthusiasts pressured the British kennel clubs to allow the breed to be registered again as German Shepherds.[24] The word "Alsatian" once appeared in parentheses as part of the formal breed name of the American Kennel Club and was removed in 2010.[25]

Description

[edit]
Skeleton in the Museum of Veterinary Anatomy of São Paulo, Brazil

German Shepherds are medium to large-sized dogs.[26] The breed standard height at the withers is 60–65 cm (24–26 in) for males, and 55–60 cm (22–24 in) for females.[27][28][29] German Shepherds can reach sprinting speeds of up to 30 miles per hour.[30] Shepherds are longer than they are tall, with an ideal proportion of 10 to 8+1⁄2. The AKC official breed standard does not set a standard weight range.[31] They have a domed forehead, a long square-cut muzzle with strong jaws and a black nose. The eyes are medium-sized and brown. The ears are large and stand erect, open at the front and parallel, but they often are pulled back during movement. A German Shepherd has a long neck, which is raised when excited and lowered when moving at a fast pace as well as stalking. The tail is bushy and reaches to the hock.[28]

German Shepherds have a double coat which is close and dense with a thick undercoat. The coat is accepted in two variants: medium and long. The gene for long hair is recessive, and therefore the long-haired variety is rarer. Treatment of the long-haired variation differs across standards; it is accepted but does not compete against standard-coated dogs under the German and UK Kennel Clubs while it can compete with standard-coated dogs, but is considered a fault, in the American Kennel Club.[28][31][32] The FCI accepted the long-haired type in 2010, listing it as the variety b, while the short-haired type is listed as the variety a.[33]

Most commonly, German Shepherds are either tan/black or red/black. Most colour varieties have black masks and black body markings which can range from a classic "saddle" to an overall "blanket". Rarer colour variations include sable, pure-black, pure-white, liver, silver, blue, and panda varieties. The all-black and sable varieties are acceptable according to most standards; however, the blue and liver are considered to be serious faults and the all-white is grounds for instant disqualification from showing in conformation at All Breed and Specialty Shows.[31]

  • Saddle black-and-tan coat
    Saddle black-and-tan coat
  • Black mask and sable
    Black mask and sable
  • Solid black
    Solid black
  • Bi-colour
    Bi-colour
  • Long-haired black-and-tan
    Long-haired black-and-tan

Intelligence

[edit]

German Shepherds were bred specifically for their intelligence.[34] In a list of breeds most likely to bark as watchdogs, Stanley Coren ranked the breed in second place.[35] Coupled with their strength, this trait makes the breed desirable as police, guard and search and rescue dogs, as they are able to quickly learn various tasks and interpret instructions better than other breeds.[36]

Temperament

[edit]
A human infant with two dogs

German Shepherds are moderately active dogs and are described in breed standards as self assured.[31] The breed is marked by a willingness to learn and an eagerness to have a purpose. They are curious, which makes them excellent guard dogs and suitable for search missions. They can become overprotective of their family and territory, especially if not socialised correctly.[37] They are not inclined to become immediate friends with strangers.[38] German Shepherds are highly intelligent and obedient, as well as protective of their owners.[39]

Aggression and biting

[edit]
Further information: Dog bite prevention

A 2020 literature review in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery found that from 1971 to 2018, of all pure breed dogs in the United States, the German Shepherd was responsible for the most bites severe enough to require hospital treatment.[40]

While an Australian report from 1999 provides statistics showing that German Shepherds are the breed third most likely to attack a person in some Australian locales,[41] once their popularity is taken into account, the percentage of attacks by German Shepherds drops to 38th place.[42]

According to the National Geographic Channel television show Dangerous Encounters, the bite of a German Shepherd has a force of over 1,060 newtons (238 lbf) (compared with that of a Rottweiler, over 1,180–1,460 newtons (265–328 lbf), a Pit bull, 1,050 newtons (235 lbf), a Labrador Retriever, of approximately 1,000 newtons (230 lbf), or a human, of approximately 380 newtons (86 lbf)).[43]

Modern breed

[edit]
A common breed club's goal for German Shepherd body conformity, criticised by the UK Kennel Club

The modern German Shepherd breed is criticised by experts for straying away from Max von Stephanitz's original ideology that German Shepherds should be bred primarily as working dogs and that breeding should be strictly controlled to eliminate defects quickly.[44]: 6 [45] He believed that, above all else, German Shepherds should be bred for intelligence and working ability.[5]

Controversy

[edit]

The Kennel Club, in the United Kingdom, is involved in a dispute with German Shepherd breed clubs about the issue of soundness in the show strain of the breed.[46][47] Some show strains have been bred with an extremely roached topline (back) that causes poor gait in the hind legs.

The issue was raised in the BBC documentary, Pedigree Dogs Exposed, which said that critics of the breed describe it as "half dog, half frog". An orthopaedic vet remarked on footage of dogs in a show ring that they were "not normal".

The Kennel Club's position is that "this issue of soundness is not a simple difference of opinion, it is the fundamental issue of the breed's essential conformation and movement."[46] The Kennel Club has decided to retrain judges to penalise dogs with these problems.[48]

The Kennel Club also recommends testing for haemophilia and hip dysplasia, other common problems with the breed.[49][50]

Variants

[edit]

East-European Shepherd

[edit]
Main article: East-European Shepherd
East-European Shepherd

The East-European Shepherd is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the former Soviet Union with the purpose of creating a larger, more cold-resistant version of the German Shepherd. It lacks the physical deformities bred into western show lines of German Shepherds and has become one of Russia's most popular dog types.[51]

King Shepherd

[edit]

The King Shepherd is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the United States, with its breeders hoping to rectify the physical deformities that have been bred into the original breed.[52]

Shiloh Shepherd

[edit]
Shiloh Shepherd

The Shiloh Shepherd is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the United States. It was developed in the 1970s and 1980s to correct behavioural and conformational issues that have been bred into modern German Shepherds, and was bred for its large size, length of back, temperament and soundness of hips.[53][54] It has been recognised since 1990 by the American Rare Breed Association.[55]

White Shepherd

[edit]
Main article: White Shepherd
White Shepherd

The White Shepherd is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the United States. White-coated German Shepherds were once banned from registration in their native Germany, but in the United States and Canada the coloration gained a following and a breed club was formed specifically for white German Shepherds, calling their variety the White Shepherd. The variety is recognised as a separate breed by the United Kennel Club.[56]

White Swiss Shepherd Dog

[edit]
Main article: White Swiss Shepherd Dog
White Swiss Shepherd Dog

The White Swiss Shepherd Dog (French: Berger Blanc Suisse, German: Weisser Schweizer Schäferhund, Italian: Pastore Svizzero Bianco) is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in Switzerland. It descends from the American White Shepherds; the first stud dog of what was to become the breed was an American dog born in 1966 and imported to Switzerland. The variety was recognised by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale as a separate breed in 2003, and it is now recognised by a number of national kennel clubs.[56]

Use as a working dog

[edit]

German Shepherds are a popular selection for use as working dogs.[57] They are known for being easy to train and good for performing tasks and following instructions. They are especially well known for their police work, being used for tracking criminals, patrolling troubled areas and detecting and holding suspects. Additionally, thousands of German Shepherds have been used by the military. These military working dogs (MWD) are usually trained for scout duty, and they are used to warn soldiers of the presence of enemies or of booby traps or other hazards.[58] German Shepherds have also been trained by military groups to parachute from aircraft[59] or as anti-tank weapons. They were used in World War II as messenger dogs, rescue dogs and personal guard dogs.[5]

The German Shepherd is one of the most widely used breeds in a wide variety of scent-work roles. These include search and rescue, cadaver searching, narcotics detection, explosives detection, accelerant detection and mine detection, among others. They are suited for these lines of work because of their keen sense of smell and their ability to work regardless of distractions.[58] At one time the German Shepherd was the breed chosen almost exclusively to be used as a guide dog for the visually impaired. When formal guide dog training began in Switzerland in the 1920s under the leadership of Dorothy Eustis, all of the dogs trained were German Shepherd females.[60] An experiment in temperament testing of a group of Labrador Retrievers and German Shepherds showed that the Retrievers scored higher on average in emotional stability, ability to recover promptly from frightening situations, cooperative behaviour and friendliness; while the German Shepherds were superior in aggression and defensive behaviour. These results suggested that Labrador Retrievers were more suited to guide dog work while German Shepherds were more suited to police work.[61]

Currently, Labradors and Golden Retrievers are more widely used for this work, although there are still German Shepherds being trained. In 2013, about 15% of the dogs trained by Guide Dogs of America were German Shepherds, while the remainder were Labrador Retrievers and Golden Retrievers.[62] The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association in the United Kingdom trains some German Shepherds,[63] while the comparable organisation in the US only trains Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers and crosses between these breeds.[64]

German Shepherds are still used for herding and tending sheep grazing in meadows next to gardens and crop fields. They are expected to patrol the boundaries to keep sheep from trespassing and damaging the crops. In Germany and other places, these skills are tested in utility dog trials also known as Herdengebrauchshund (HGH) herding utility dog trials.[65]

One Mexican German Shepherd, Zuyaqui, was dissected and his body put on display at the Sedena's "Narco Museum" in Mexico. He is regarded to be the dog who has captured the most drugs in Mexican police and military history.[66]

  • German night-watchman with dog, 1950
    German night-watchman with dog, 1950
  • Swedish police dogs, 2007
    Swedish police dogs, 2007
  • Rescue dog at the site of the collapsed World Trade Center, 2001
    Rescue dog at the site of the collapsed World Trade Center, 2001
  • Military dog during training
    Military dog during training

Numbers

[edit]
A nine-week-old puppy

When the UK Kennel accepted registrations in 1919, 54 German Shepherds were registered. By 1926 this number had grown to over 8000.[4] The breed gained international recognition after the end of World War I. Returning soldiers spoke highly of the breed and animal actors Rin Tin Tin and Strongheart popularised the breed further.[67] The first German Shepherd Dog registered in the United States was Queen of Switzerland. Her offspring had defects as the result of poor breeding, which caused the breed to decline in popularity during the late 1920s.[67]

Popularity increased again after Sieger Pfeffer von Bern became the 1937 and 1938 Grand Victor in American Kennel Club dog shows, only to have another decline at the conclusion of World War II, due to anti-German sentiment.[67] Popularity increased gradually until 1993, when they became the third most popular breed in the United States. As of 2016, the German Shepherd is the second most popular breed in the US.[67][68] It is typically among the most frequently registered breeds in other countries.[67] It was the third-most registered breed by the American Kennel Club in 2020,[69] and seventh-most registered breed by The Kennel Club in the United Kingdom in 2016.[70]

Health

[edit]
Portrait of a ten year old German Shepherd

Many common ailments of the German Shepherd are a result of the inbreeding practised early in the breed's life.[71] One such common ailment is hip and elbow dysplasia which may cause the dog to experience pain later on in life and may cause arthritis.[citation needed] A study conducted by the University of Zurich found that 45% of the police working dogs were affected by degenerative spinal stenosis, although a small sample size was used.[72] The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals found that 19.1% of German Shepherds are affected by hip dysplasia.[73]

Overall lifespan is approximately 10 years.[74]: 35  Several studies have found the average lifespan to be lower than the average for all dogs: a 2024 UK study found a mean lifespan of 11.3 years, compared to 12 years for crossbreeds and 12.7 years for purebreds;[75] a 2022 UK study using veterinary records found a value of 10.16 years compared to 11.23 overall and 11.82 for crossbreeds;[76] in Italy a 2024 study found an average of 10 years, the same as the overall average;[77] a 2005 study in Sweden based on insurance data found 51% of German Shepherd dogs died by the age of 10, higher than the overall rate of 35%.[78] A 2015 French study found a mean lifespan of 10.08 years.[79]

The German Shepherd Dog is one of the breeds more commonly affected by degenerative myelopathy, which is caused by a mutation in the SOD1 gene.[80] A small study in the UK showed 16% of young asymptomatic German Shepherds to be homozygous for the mutation, with a further 38% being carriers.[81]

German Shepherds have a higher-than-normal incidence of Von Willebrand disease, a common inherited bleeding disorder,[citation needed] and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), a degenerative disease of the pancreas. It is estimated that 1% of the UK population of German Shepherds has this disease.[82]

Musculoskeletal

[edit]

Musculoskeletal disorders are debilitating conditions that are often associated with genetic makeup, malnutrition, and stress-related events.[83] Some breeds like the German Shepherd, are predisposed to a variety of different skeletal disorders, including but not limited to: canine hip dysplasia, Cauda equina syndrome, and osteoarthritis.[84][85]

Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is the abnormal formation of the hip joint and surrounding tissue causing instability and partial dislocation of the hip joint, resulting in pain, inflammation, lameness, and potentially osteoarthritis of the joint.[84][86] A North American study analysing more than 1,000,000 hip and 250,000 elbow scans in dogs over the age of two found the German Shepherd Dog to have a rate of hip and elbow dysplasia to be 18.9% and 17.8% respectively. The German Shepherd had the 8th highest rate of hip dysplasia and 6th highest rate of elbow dysplasia.[87] Another North American study found 10.26% of German Shepherd Dogs surveyed at teaching hospitals to have hip dysplasia, compared to 3.52% overall.[88]

Pituitary dwarfism

[edit]
Two Karelian Bear Dogs at 10 months of age, left is an unaffected littermate and on the right is a bitch affected by pituitary dwarfism
An adult Karelian Bear Dog bitch with pituitary dwarfism displaying severe alopecia

Congenital hyposomatotropism, also known as pituitary dwarfism has been known to be an autosomal recessive disorder in the German Shepherd dog for a long time. The condition causes growth retardation. The puppy coat is retained into adulthood and guard hairs fail to fully develop outside of the distal extremities. Eventually, full alopecia occurs. The degree of growth retardation and other clinical symptoms varies between affected dogs.[89]

Investigations into the genealogy in 1978 found the mutation evolved in 1940 or earlier. Multiple champions have been shown to be carriers of the mutation, explaining the spread and prevalence of the disorder. This condition has been observed in breeds that were crossed with German Shepherd dogs such as the Karelian Bear dog, Saarloos Wolfhound, and the Czechoslovakian Wolfdog. Pituitary dwarfism in other dog breeds (excluding those with German Shepherd ancestry) is extremely rare.[89]

Unlike humans where the POU1F1 and PROP1 genes are responsible for the defect a mutation in the LHX3 gene is responsible for the condition.[89][90] The University of Utrecht offers a genetic test for this defect.[89]

Untreated dogs usually live between 3-5 years. Dogs that undergo treatment can live healthily for several years but are still unlikely to have a normal life expectancy.[89]

[edit]
Strongheart, one of the earliest canine stars (1921)

German Shepherds have been featured in a wide range of media.[91] In 1921 Strongheart became one of the earliest canine film stars, and was followed in 1922 by Rin Tin Tin. Both have stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[92]

Batman's dog Ace the Bat-Hound appeared in the Batman comic books, initially in 1955,[93] through 1964.[94] From 1964 onwards, his appearances have been sporadic.

A German Shepherd named Inspector Rex is the star of an Austrian Police procedural drama program of the same name, which won many awards, where German Shepherd Rex assists the Vienna Kriminalpolizei homicide unit.[95]

Kántor [hu] was a famous and very successful police dog in Hungary in the 1950s and early 1960s. After his death his story was fictionalised by two crime novels by Rudolf Szamos [hu], titled Kántor Investigates [hu] and Kántor in the Big City. A five-part thriller series for television titled Kántor was produced in 1975, which was loosely based on the actual dog's story, setting the events more than a decade after the real Kántor died. It became one of the staple productions of Hungarian television history, making German Shepherds the most popular dog breed in the country ever since. The taxidermy mount of Kántor's body is on display at the Police Museum in Budapest.[96][97]

Notable individual German Shepherds

[edit]
  • The dog on which the breed was founded
    • Horand von Grafrath (January 1, 1895 – after 1899), considered the first German Shepherd and the genetic basis for modern German Shepherds
  • In film, television and fiction
    • Strongheart (1 October 1917 – 24 June 1929), featured in Hollywood films of 1921–1927
    • Rin Tin Tin (September 1918 – 10 August 1932), Rin Tin Tin Jr., and Rin Tin Tin III, featured in Hollywood films of 1922–1947
    • Thunder the Dog (7 September 1921 – after October 1928), featured in Hollywood films of 1923–1927
    • Silver Streak (born 1924), featured in Hollywood films of 1924–1928
    • Lightning, grandson of Strongheart, featured in Hollywood films of 1934–1938
    • Ace the Wonder Dog, featured in Hollywood films and serials of 1938–1946
    • Rex the Wonder Dog, fictional superhero in the DC Comics universe 1952–present
    • Ace the Bat-Hound, fictional partner of Batman in DC Comics 1955–present
    • Joe, protagonist in the NBC television series Run, Joe, Run in 1974–1975
    • Won Ton Ton, protagonist of the 1976 comedy film Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood, a spoof of Rin Tin Tin
    • Koton, sometimes identified as Rando, police dog later featured in the 1989 film K-9 with James Belushi
    • Rex, protagonist of the Austrian-Italian comedy-drama television series Inspector Rex of 1994–2015, and remakes in other countries
  • Pets of political figures
  • PDSA Dickin Medal recipients (for military and civil defence service dogs)[98]
  • PDSA Gold Medal recipients (for non-military dogs)[99][100]
    • Ajax, 11 June 2013 for service in the civil guard that saved lives by detection of an ETA bomb near a guard barracks site on the Spanish island of Majorca in 2009 under dangerous circumstances
    • Anya, 6 July 2010 for service as a British police dog in defending an officer from a knife attack in January 2008
    • Ellie and Jones (Shepherd mixes), 22 August 2013 for saving their owner who collapsed and lost consciousness due to diabetic shock in November 2010
    • Finn (born March 2009), 6 May 2018 for service as a police dog in a knife attack on a police officer in Stevenage, Hertfordshire, England, on 5 October 2016[101]
    • Gage (died 13 July 2010), 22 August 2013 (posthumously) for service as a police dog in a suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand, defending an officer in an attack by a man with a rifle (in which the dog was killed)
  • Other military, police, search-and-rescue, and institutional guard dogs
    • Gabi, 1980s guard dog at the Belgrade Zoo that protected a security guard and the public by fighting with an escaped jaguar
    • Kántor [hu], police dog in Hungary in the 1950s and early 1960s, later portrayed in fictionalized versions for novels and television
    • Lex (1999 – March 25, 2012), used by the United States Marine Corps in Iraq and later adopted by the family of a soldier who died in a rocket attack while serving as his handler
    • Mancs (1994–2006), earthquake search and rescue dog of Miskolc, Hungary, that helped rescue a 3-year-old girl who had spent 82 hours under ruins of a 1999 earthquake in Turkey
    • Nemo A534 (died December 1972), served in battle in the United States Air Force during the Vietnam War
    • Rajah, performing and unofficial police dog in New Zealand, suggested as a candidate replacement for Rin Tin Tin in films
    • Trakr (c. 1994 – April 2009), Canadian police dog that discovered the last survivor of the 11 September 2001 attacks in New York City, United States
    • Zuyaqui (died 2000s), used by Mexican military and police forces for detection of illegal drugs

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ German: Deutscher Schäferhund, German pronunciation: [ˈdɔʏtʃɐ ˈʃɛːfɐˌhʊnt] ("German Shepherd Dog")

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Deutscher Schäferhund (Langstockhaar) Archived 26 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine (in German). Verband für das Deutsche Hundewesen. Accessed July 2020.
  2. ^ Axel Wehrend (editor) (2014). Neonatologie beim Hund: Von der Geburt bis zum Absetzen (in German). Hannover: Schlütersche. ISBN 9783842685178.
  3. ^ [Svenska Kennelklubben] (2013). Registration figures worldwide – from top thirty to endangered breeds. FCI Newsletter 15.
  4. ^ a b c d e "History of the breed". German Shepherds.com. 30 December 2007. Archived from the original on 1 June 2008.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Kern (1990), pp. 11–21.
  6. ^ Rice (1999), p. 11.
  7. ^ a b Skabelund, Aaron (June 2008). "Breeding racism: The imperial battlefields of the 'German' shepherd dog" (PDF). Society and Animals. 16 (4): 355. doi:10.1163/156853008X357676. ISSN 1063-1119 – via AnimalsAndSociety.org.
  8. ^ Stevens (2002), p. 11.
  9. ^ Willis (1976), p. 5.
  10. ^ a b Sax, Boria (2000). Animals in the Third Reich: Pets, scapegoats, and the holocaust. Foreword by Klaus P. Fischer. New York, NY & London, UK: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-1289-8.
  11. ^ Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945. Viking-Penguin Books. p. 357. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5.
  12. ^ Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A biography. W.W. Norton & Co. p. 952. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6.
  13. ^ Harding, Luke (2 May 2005). "Hitler's nurse breaks 60 years of silence". The Guardian.
  14. ^ Jacobs, Benjamin (18 January 2001). The Dentist of Auschwitz: A memoir. University Press of Kentucky. p. 123. ISBN 0813190126.
  15. ^ "Being the fashionable dog: Not mad, only natural", The New York Times, 7 July 1924
  16. ^ "German shepherds owned by bootleggers: Kill dog in dry raid". The New York Times. 5 May 1927.
  17. ^ "The police dog situation: Ban on police dogs in Queens urged by magistrate Conway". The New York Times. 7 July 1924.
  18. ^ "Ban on Police Dogs in Queens Urged by Magistrate Conway". The New York Times. 7 January 1925 – via NYTimes.com.
  19. ^ Kaleski, Robert (29 March 2011). Australian Barkers and Biters. Read Books Ltd. ISBN 9781446549018 – via Google Books.
  20. ^ "Alsatian Dogs Bill 1934". pir.sa.gov.au. History of Agriculture. 20 November 2017.
  21. ^ FCI breeds nomenclature: Deutscher Schäferhund (166). Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed January 2022.
  22. ^ a b c d Palika, Liz (2008). Your Happy Healthy Pet: German Shepherd Dog. Wiley. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-470-19231-3.
  23. ^ Rice (1999), p. 12.
  24. ^ "German Shepherd – The Ultimate Service Dog". German Culture. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
  25. ^ "Change of Name – German Shepherd Dog". The Kennel Club. 19 October 2010. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
  26. ^ "Can the German Shepherd Be Saved?". ABC News. 28 October 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
  27. ^ "USA German Shepherd Dog Standard". United Schutzhund Clubs of America. Archived from the original on 10 June 2008.
  28. ^ a b c "FCI Standard No 166". Australian National Kennel Council. 23 March 1991. Archived from the original on 15 February 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  29. ^ "Breed Standard for the White German Shepherd Dog", White German Shepherd Dog Club of America, Inc., September 1997, archived from the original on 1 May 2013
  30. ^ Staff, HK9 (31 January 2021). "15 Of The Fastest Dog Breeds In The World". Highland Canine Training. Retrieved 10 March 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ a b c d "German Shepherd Dog Breed Standard". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
  32. ^ "Rasse-Lexikon Deutscher Schäferhund". Verband für das Deutsche Hundewesen (in German). Archived from the original on 25 August 2009. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
  33. ^ "GSD Info". Vonziü German Shepherds. Archived from the original on 6 November 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  34. ^ von Stephanitz (1994), p. 12.
  35. ^ Coren, Stanley (1995). The Intelligence of Dogs: A Guide to the Thoughts, Emotions, and Inner Lives of our Canine Companions. Bantam Books. p. 134. ISBN 0553374524.
  36. ^ "About the Breed". White Paws: German Shepherd. Archived from the original on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
  37. ^ "German Shepherd Dog and Puppy Training Tips from the German Shepherd Dog Club of America". gsdca.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  38. ^ "Breed Standard — German Shepherd". New Zealand Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2008. While the dog should be approachable and friendly, he does not make immediate friendships with strangers.
  39. ^ Dogwise: The Natural way to Train your Dog (1992), John Fisher Souvenir Press Ltd. ISBN 0-285-63114-4
  40. ^ Bailey, Chad M.; Hinchcliff, Katharine M.; Moore, Zachary; Pu, Lee L.Q. (November 2020). "Dog Bites in the United States from 1971 to 2018: A Systematic Review of the Peer-Reviewed Literature". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 146 (5): 1166–1176. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000007253. PMID 33136964. S2CID 225080998.
  41. ^ "Reported Dog Attack Survey" (PDF). New South Wales Department of Local Government. 1999. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
  42. ^ "Council Reports of Dog Attacks in NSW 2011/2012" (PDF). New South Wales Department of Local Government. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  43. ^ "Dog Bites: Information and Statistics". 26 January 2008. Retrieved 31 December 2012. Cites a National Geographic study.
  44. ^ Brazil-Adelman, Mary Belle (2000). The German Shepherd Dog Handbook. Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 0764113321.
  45. ^ Harder, Aimee. "GSD vs. WGSD – It's not a black or white issue!". White German Shepherd Dog Club of America. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2008. As Max von Stephanitz stated, 'A pleasing appearance is desirable, but it can not put the dog's working ability into question.' [...] Max pounded the issue that the German Shepherd was a working breed first and foremost.
  46. ^ a b "German Shepherd Dogs – The Soundness Issue". The Kennel Club. 8 February 2010. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
  47. ^ "KC confirms position on German Shepherds". Our Dogs-UK. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  48. ^ "German Shepherd Dogs – Judges Training Programme". The Kennel Club. 16 February 2010. Archived from the original on 19 October 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
  49. ^ "GSD Breed Council – Haemophilia 'A' Testing". Gsdbreedcouncil.co.uk. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  50. ^ "German Shepherd Dog Health". The Kennel Club. Breed Information Centre. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  51. ^ Hancock (2014), pp. 14 & 28.
  52. ^ Hancock (2014), pp. 14 & 140.
  53. ^ Hancock (2014), pp. 14, 140 & 222.
  54. ^ Fogle (2009), p. 387.
  55. ^ "Group 1 Breeds". American Rare Breed Association. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  56. ^ a b Pickeral (2014).
  57. ^ "How to choose the perfect dog to fit your lifestyle, family and home". Country Life. 8 March 2020.
  58. ^ a b Strickland & Moses (1998), p. 17–28.
  59. ^ "It's a dog's life in the Army". The New Zealand Herald. 22 July 2008. Retrieved 11 August 2008.
  60. ^ Ascarelli, Miriam (2010). Independent Vision: Dorothy Harrison Eustis and the Story of the Seeing Eye. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-563-4.
  61. ^ Case, Linda P. (2013). The Dog: Its Behavior, Nutrition, and Health. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-70120-1.
  62. ^ "Breeds and Matching Process". An International Guiding Eyes Program. Guide Dogs of America. 2013. Archived from the original on 8 July 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
  63. ^ "Our breeds". Guide Dogs for the Blind Association. 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  64. ^ "Guide Dog Breeding and Whelping". Dog Programs. Guide Dogs for the Blind. 2011. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
  65. ^ Hartnagle-Taylor, Jeanne Joy; Taylor, Ty (2010). Stockdog Savvy. Alpine Publications. ISBN 978-1-57779-106-5.
  66. ^ "Armas de Versace, rubíes y diamantes: el lujo de los narcos mexicanos". Eleconomista.es. 8 January 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  67. ^ a b c d e Palika, Liz (2008). Your Happy Healthy Pet: German Shepherd Dog. Wiley. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-470-19231-3.
  68. ^ "AKC Dog Registration Statistics". American Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
  69. ^ Reisen, Jan (16 March 2021). "The Most Popular Dog Breeds of 2020". American Kennel Club.
  70. ^ "Top Twenty Breeds in Registration Order for the Years 2015 and 2016" (PDF). The Kennel Club. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  71. ^ Willis (1976), p. 31.
  72. ^ Steffen, F.; Hunold, K.; Scharf, G.; Roos, M.; Flückiger, M. (2007). "A follow-up study of neurologic and radiographic findings in working German Shepherd Dogs with and without degenerative lumbosacral stenosis". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 231 (10): 1529–1533. doi:10.2460/javma.231.10.1529. PMID 18020994.
  73. ^ "Hip Dysplasia Statistics". Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. 2009. Archived from the original on 10 June 2009.
  74. ^ Kim Dennis-Bryan (2020 [2012]). The Complete Dog Breed Book, second edition. London: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 9780241412732.
  75. ^ McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (1 February 2024). "Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death". Scientific Reports. 14 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 531. Bibcode:2024NatSR..14..531M. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10834484. PMID 38302530.
  76. ^ Teng, Kendy Tzu-yun; Brodbelt, Dave C.; Pegram, Camilla; Church, David B.; O’Neill, Dan G. (28 April 2022). "Life tables of annual life expectancy and mortality for companion dogs in the United Kingdom". Scientific Reports. 12 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 6415. Bibcode:2022NatSR..12.6415T. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10341-6. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9050668. PMID 35484374.
  77. ^ Roccaro, Mariana; Salini, Romolo; Pietra, Marco; Sgorbini, Micaela; Gori, Eleonora; Dondi, Maurizio; Crisi, Paolo E.; Conte, Annamaria; Dalla Villa, Paolo; Podaliri, Michele; Ciaramella, Paolo; Di Palma, Cristina; Passantino, Annamaria; Porciello, Francesco; Gianella, Paola; Guglielmini, Carlo; Alborali, Giovanni L.; Rota Nodari, Sara; Sabatelli, Sonia; Peli, Angelo (2024). "Factors related to longevity and mortality of dogs in Italy". Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 225. Elsevier BV: 106155. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106155. hdl:11585/961937. ISSN 0167-5877. PMID 38394961.
  78. ^ Egenvall, A; Bonnett, Bn; Hedhammar, å; Olson, P (30 September 2005). "Mortality in over 350,000 Insured Swedish Dogs from 1995–2000: II. Breed-Specific Age and Survival Patterns and Relative Risk for Causes of Death". Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 46 (3): 121–136. doi:10.1186/1751-0147-46-121. ISSN 1751-0147. PMC 1624818. PMID 16261925.
  79. ^ Leroy, G. G.; Phocas, F.; Hedan, B.; Verrier, E.; Rognon, X. (2015). "Inbreeding impact on litter size and survival in selected canine breeds" (PDF). The Veterinary Journal. 203 (1): 74–78. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.11.008. PMID 25475165. S2CID 27631883.
  80. ^ Oliver, James A.C.; Mellersh, Cathryn S. (2020). "Genetics". In Cooper, Barbara; Mullineaux, Elizabeth; Turner, Lynn (eds.). BSAVA Textbook of Veterinary Nursing (Sixth ed.). British Small Animal Veterinary Association. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-910-44339-2.
  81. ^ Holder, A. L.; Price, J. A.; Adams, J. P.; Volk, H. A.; Catchpole, B. (2014). "A retrospective study of the prevalence of the canine degenerative myelopathy associated superoxide dismutase 1 mutation (SOD1:c.118G > A) in a referral population of German Shepherd dogs from the UK" (PDF). Canine Genetics and Epidemiology. 1: 10. doi:10.1186/2052-6687-1-10. PMC 4579386. PMID 26401327. S2CID 10326107.
  82. ^ "Genetic welfare problems of companion animals – Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency". Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. Archived from the original on 24 March 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  83. ^ Ackerman 2008, pp. 135–139.
  84. ^ a b Fels, L.; Distl, O. (2014). "Identification and validation of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for canine hip dysplasia (CHD) in German shepherd dogs". PLOS ONE. 9 (5): 1–8. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...996618F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096618. PMC 4011879. PMID 24802516.
  85. ^ Ondreka, N.; Amort, K.H.; Stock, K.F.; Tellhelm, B.; Klumpp, S.W.; Kramer, M.; Schmidt, M.J. (2013). "Skeletal morpohology and morphometry of the lumbosacral junction in German shepherd dogs and an evaluation of the possible genetic basis for radiographic findings". The Veterinary Journal. 196 (1): 64–70. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.07.015. PMID 22921082.
  86. ^ Hand, M.; Thatcher, C.; Remillard, R.; Roudebush, P. (2000). "Small animal clinical nutrition". Mark Morris Institute. 4: 542–543.
  87. ^ Oberbauer, A. M.; Keller, G. G.; Famula, T. R. (24 February 2017). "Long-term genetic selection reduced prevalence of hip and elbow dysplasia in 60 dog breeds". PLOS ONE. 12 (2). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e0172918. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1272918O. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172918. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5325577. PMID 28234985.
  88. ^ Witsberger, Tige H.; Villamil, J. Armando; Schultz, Loren G.; Hahn, Allen W.; Cook, James L. (15 June 2008). "Prevalence of and risk factors for hip dysplasia and cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 232 (12): 1818–1824. doi:10.2460/javma.232.12.1818. ISSN 0003-1488. PMID 18598150.
  89. ^ a b c d e Feldman, Edward C.; Nelson, Richard W.; Reusch, Claudia; Scott-Moncrieff, J. Catharine (8 December 2014). Canine and Feline Endocrinology. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders. pp. 44–49. ISBN 978-1-4557-4456-5.
  90. ^ Voorbij, Annemarie M. W. Y.; van Steenbeek, Frank G.; Vos-Loohuis, Manon; Martens, Ellen E. C. P.; Hanson-Nilsson, Jeanette M.; van Oost, Bernard A.; Kooistra, Hans S.; Leegwater, Peter A. (23 November 2011). "A Contracted DNA Repeat in LHX3 Intron 5 Is Associated with Aberrant Splicing and Pituitary Dwarfism in German Shepherd Dogs". PLOS ONE. 6 (11): e27940. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...627940V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027940. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3223203. PMID 22132174.
  91. ^ "List of films with German Shepherds". Archived from the original on 16 February 2015.
  92. ^ Choron (2005), p. 40.
  93. ^ Irvine, Alex; Dolan, Hannah, eds. (2010). "1950s". DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. Dorling Kindersley. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. Batman No. 92 (July 1955) Once Superman had a dog, Batman got one too, in 'Ace, the Bat-Hound!' In the story by writer Bill Finger and artist Sheldon Moldoff, Batman and Robin found a German Shepherd called Ace.
  94. ^ "Ace the Bat-Hound appearances". Comics.org. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
  95. ^ "TV dog stars". DogsLife. 17 October 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  96. ^ "Kántor". Police Museum of Budapest (in Hungarian). Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  97. ^ László, Enikő (8 August 2020). "Kántor: a leghíresebb magyar rendőrkutya története (Kántor: the history of the most famous Hungarian police dog)". Az Én Kutyám (in Hungarian).
  98. ^ "PDSA Dickin Medal". People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  99. ^ "PDSA Gold Medal". People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  100. ^ "PDSA Gold Medal – Dogs". People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  101. ^ "Finn receives PDSA Gold Medal at PDSA's first ever music festival". People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. Retrieved 12 February 2022.

Bibliography

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to German Shepherd Dog.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Shepherd&oldid=1262948640"