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Misuse of Drugs Act (Singapore)

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Misuse of Drugs Act 1973
Parliament of Singapore
  • An Act for the control of dangerous or otherwise harmful drugs and substances and for purposes connected therewith.
CitationNo. 5 of 1973
Enacted byParliament of Singapore
Enacted16 February 1973
Assented to7 July 1973
Commenced7 July 1973
Legislative history
Bill titleMisuse of Drugs Bill
Bill citationBill No. 46/72
Introduced byChua Sian Chin (Minister for Health and Home Affairs)
Introduced25 November 1972
First reading22 November 1972
Second reading16 February 1973
Third reading16 February 1973
Related legislation
Dangerous Drugs Act 1951; Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act 1969
Status: Amended

The Misuse of Drugs Act 1973 is a statute of the Parliament of Singapore that enables authorities to prosecute offenders for crimes involving illegal drugs. The law is designed specifically to grant the Government of Singapore, through its agencies such as the Central Narcotics Bureau, enforcement powers to combat offences such as the trafficking, importation or exportation, possession, and consumption of controlled drugs.[1]

Background

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Despite its close proximity to the major drug producing areas of the Golden Triangle, in the late 1960s Singapore had relatively little hard drug use, with an estimated 8,000 local opium addicts out of a total population of just over 2 million people. These regular users tended to be older Chinese Singaporean men, whose activities the authorities often turned a blind eye due to the younger generation of Singaporeans not picking up the same habits. MX pills were freely available and widely abused a recreational drug, while cannabis smoking became more widespread as the hippie culture became popular. However, in the early 1970s a sudden heroin epidemic swept through the city state, addicting over 3% of the young male population within a couple of years, with virtually all of them chasing the dragon with low quality (less than 40% pure) Heroin Number 3.[2][3]

As Singapore is a small island nation with no exportable natural resources, its economic model at the time was based on added-value activities (such as factory work or sea-bourne cargo logistics) from an industrious and efficient society, which the possibility of a large percentage of the population becoming unproductive due to drug addiction posed an enormous economic threat. The Government of Singapore responded with a zero tolerance policy regarding the abuse of all types of drugs, aiming to rapidly contain the sudden heroin epidemic via new laws that proscribed harsh punishments for both traffickers (such as the death penalty) and consumers (including caning) alike.[4][5][6]

"Once ensnared by drug dependence, they will no longer be productive digits contributing to our economy and social progress. They will not be able to carry on with their regular jobs. Usually for the young men, they will turn to all sorts of crimes and, for the girls, to prostitution to get money to buy their badly needed supply of drugs. Thus, as a developing country, our progress and very survival will be seriously threatened"[7]

Minister for Home Affairs Chua Sian Chin addressing Parliament in 1975 regarding the threat heroin addiction posed to Singapore as a country

Overview

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The Misuse of Drugs Act 1973 classifies narcotic substances into three categories: Classes A, B, and C. Section 44 provides that "The Minister may, by an order published in the Gazette" add, remove, or transfer drugs among the classes. The statute's penal provisions are severe by most nations' standards, providing for long terms of imprisonment, caning, and capital punishment.

The law creates a presumption of trafficking for certain threshold amounts, (e.g.) 30 grams of cannabis. It also creates a presumption that a person possesses drugs if he possesses the keys to a premises containing the drugs, and that "Any person found in or escaping from any place or premises which is proved or presumed to be used for the purpose of smoking or administering a controlled drug shall, until the contrary is proved, be presumed to have been smoking or administering a controlled drug in that place or premises." Thus, one runs the risk of arrest for drug use by simply being in the company of drug users.

The law also allows officers to search premises and individuals, without a search warrant, if he "reasonably suspects that there is to be found a controlled drug or article liable to seizure". Moreover, Section 31 allows officers to demand urinalysis of suspected drug offenders while section 8A prohibits any citizen or permanent resident of Singapore to use any prohibited drug outside of the country, and if found guilty to be punished as if they committed that act within the country.

Thresholds

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Section 17 of the Misuse of Drugs Act[8] lists the amount of controlled drugs beyond which, the person who carries them shall be presumed to possess them for the purpose of drug trafficking unless proven otherwise:

Controlled Drug Presumed trafficking Death penalty or life imprisonment with min 15 strokes of the cane (eligible) [9]
opium[10] 100 grams (3.5 oz) 1,200 grams (42 oz)
morphine[11] 3 grams (0.11 oz) 30 grams (1.1 oz)
diamorphine (heroin) 2 grams (0.071 oz) 15 grams (0.53 oz)[12]
cannabis[13] 15 grams (0.53 oz) 500 grams (18 oz)
cannabis mixture 30 grams (1.1 oz) 1,000 grams (35 oz)
cannabis resin 10 grams (0.35 oz) 200 grams (7.1 oz)
cocaine 3 grams (0.11 oz) 30 grams (1.1 oz)[14]
methamphetamine 25 grams (0.88 oz) 250 grams (8.8 oz)[15]
10 grams (0.35 oz) of any or any combination of the following:
  • N, α-dimethyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenethylamine (MDMA)
  • α-methyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenethylamine (MDA)
  • N-ethyl-α-methyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenethylamine (MDEA)

The possession, consumption, manufacturing, import, export, or trafficking of these and other controlled drugs in any amount is illegal. Persons caught with less than the Mandatory Death Penalty amounts of these controlled substances face penalties ranging from caning[16] (up to 24 strokes) to life in prison. Pursuant to a law change in 2009, cannabis (marijuana) and marijuana mixtures (diluted with other substances) are treated the same under Singapore law—the presumed intent is trafficking.

Schedule I – Controlled Drugs

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Class A – Part I

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The Singapore embarkation card contains a warning to visitors about the death penalty for drug trafficking. Warning signs can be found at the Johor-Singapore Causeway and other border entries. Singapore Airlines and Jetstar Asia Airways also announce similar warnings to air passengers during flights to the country.

Some examples include:

Class B – Part II

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Some examples include:

Class C – Part III

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Part IV

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For the purposes of this Paragraph:

  • cannabinol derivatives means the following substances, namely tetrahydro derivatives of cannabinol and their carboxylic acid derivatives, and 3-alkyl homologues of cannabinol or its tetrahydro derivatives;
  • coca leaf means the leaf of any plant of the genus Erythroxylon from whose leaves cocaine can be extracted either directly or by chemical transformation;
  • concentrate of opium poppy-straw means the material produced when poppy-straw has entered into a process for the concentration of its alkaloids;
  • opium poppy means any plant from which morphine may be produced;
  • preparation means a mixture, solid or liquid, containing a controlled drug;
  • poppy-straw means all parts, except the seeds, of the opium poppy, after mowing.

Schedule II – Offences Punishable on Conviction

[edit]
Section
creating
offence 		General nature of offence Punishment[17][18]
Class A
drug
involved 		Class B
drug
involved 		Class C
drug
involved 		Specified drug or
quantity thereof or
drug with
specified content
involved 		General
**5[19] (1) Unauthorised **traffic in
controlled drug except
as otherwise provided
in this Schedule 		Maximum
20 years and
15 strokes [20] 		Maximum
20 years and
10 strokes 		Maximum
10 years and
5 strokes 		— —
Minimum
5 years and
5 strokes 		Minimum
3 years and
3 strokes 		Minimum
2 years and
2 strokes 		— —
(2) Unauthorised traffic in
opium where the
quantity is — 		— — — — —
(a) not less than 800 grammes
and not more
than 1,200 grammes
and containing not
less than 20 grammes
of morphine 		— — — Maximum 30 years
or imprisonment for
life and 15 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 20 years
and 15 strokes 		—
(b) more than 1,200 grammes
and containing more
than 30 grammes
of morphine 		— — — Death[21][22][23][24] —
(3) Unauthorised traffic in
controlled drug
(except
opium) containing
such quantity
of morphine being — 		— — — — —
a) not less than
20 grammes
and not more
than
30 grammes 		— — — Maximum 30 years
or imprisonment for
life and 15 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 20 years
and 15 strokes 		—
b) more than
30 grammes 		— — — Death —
(4) Unauthorised traffic in
controlled drug
containing such quantity
of diamorphine (heroin) being — 		— — — — —
(a) not less than
10 grammes
and not more than
15 grammes 		— — — Maximum 30 years
or imprisonment for
life and 15 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 20 years
and 15 strokes 		—
(b) more than
15 grammes 		— — — Death —
(5) Unauthorised traffic in
controlled drug containing
such quantity
of cocaine being — 		— — — — —
(a) not less than
20 grammes and
not more than
30 grammes 		— — — Maximum 30 years
or imprisonment for
life and 15 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 20 years
and 15 strokes 		—
(b) more than
30 grammes 		— — — Death —
(6) Unauthorised traffic
in cannabis where
the quantity is — 		— — — — —
(a) not less than
330 grammes and not
more than
500 grammes 		— — — Maximum 30 years
or imprisonment for
life and 15 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 20 years
and 15 strokes 		—
(b) more than
500 grammes 		— — — Death —
7) Unauthorised traffic in
cannabis mixture where
the quantity is — 		— — — — —
(a) not less than
660 grammes and not
more than
1,000 grammes 		— — — Maximum 30 years
or imprisonment for
life and 15 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 20 years
and 15 strokes 		—
(b) more than
1,000 grammes 		— — — Death —
8) Unauthorised traffic in
cannabis resin
where the
quantity is — 		— — — — —
(a) not less than
130 grammes and not
more than
200 grammes 		— — — Maximum 30 years
or imprisonment for
life and 15 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 20 years
and 15 strokes 		—
(b) more than
200 grammes 		— — — Death —
(9) Unauthorised traffic in
controlled drug containing
such quantity of
methamphetamine
being — 		— — — — —
(a) not less than
167 grammes and not
more than
250 grammes 		— — — Maximum 30 years
or imprisonment for
life and 15 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 20 years
and 15 strokes 		—
(b) more than
250 grammes 		— — — Death —
6[25] (1) Unauthorised manufacture of
controlled drug except
as otherwise provided
in this Schedule 		Maximum
30 years and
15 strokes 		Maximum
30 years and
15 strokes 		Maximum
20 years and
15 strokes 		— —
Minimum
10 years and
5 strokes 		Minimum
10 years and
5 strokes 		Minimum
5 years and
5 strokes 		— —
(2) Unauthorised manufacture of
morphine, or any salt of morphine, ester
of morphine or salt of ester
of morphine 		— — — Death —
(3) Unauthorised manufacture of
diamorphine (heroin) or any
salt of diamorphine 		— — — Death —
(4) Unauthorised manufacture of
cocaine or any
salt of cocaine 		— — — Death —
(5) Unauthorised manufacture of
methamphetamine or
any salt of methamphetamine 		— — — Death —
7[26] (1) Unauthorised import and
export of
controlled drug except
as otherwise provided
in this Schedule 		Maximum
30 years and
15 strokes 		Maximum
30 years and
15 strokes 		Maximum
20 years and
15 strokes 		— —
Minimum
5 years and
5 strokes 		Minimum
5 years and
5 strokes 		Minimum
3 years and
5 strokes 		— —
(2) Unauthorised import and
export of
opium where the
quantity is — 		— — — — —
(a) not less than 800 grammes
and not more
than 1,200 grammes
and containing not
less than 20 grammes
of morphine 		— — — Maximum 30 years
or imprisonment for
life and 15 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 20 years
and 15 strokes 		—
(b) more than 1,200 grammes
and containing more
than 30 grammes
of morphine 		— — — Death —
(3) Unauthorised import and
export of controlled drug
(except
opium) containing
such quantity
of morphine being — 		— — — — —
a) not less than
20 grammes
and not more
than
30 grammes 		— — — Maximum 30 years
or imprisonment for
life and 15 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 20 years
and 15 strokes 		—
b) more than
30 grammes 		— — — Death —
(4) Unauthorised import and
export of controlled drug
containing such quantity
of diamorphine (heroin) being — 		— — — — —
(a) not less than
10 grammes
and not more than
15 grammes 		— — — Maximum 30 years
or imprisonment for
life and 15 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 20 years
and 15 strokes 		—
(b) more than
15 grammes 		— — — Death —
(5) Unauthorised import and
export of controlled drug containing
such quantity
of cocaine being — 		— — — — —
(a) not less than
20 grammes and
not more than
30 grammes 		— — — Maximum 30 years
or imprisonment for
life and 15 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 20 years
and 15 strokes 		—
(b) more than
30 grammes 		— — — Death —
(6) Unauthorised import and
export of cannabis where
the quantity is — 		— — — — —
(a) not less than
330 grammes and not
more than
500 grammes 		— — — Maximum 30 years
or imprisonment for
life and 15 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 20 years
and 15 strokes 		—
(b) more than
500 grammes 		— — — Death —
7) Unauthorised import and
export of cannabis mixture where
the quantity is — 		— — — — —
(a) not less than
660 grammes and not
more than
1,000 grammes 		— — — Maximum 30 years
or imprisonment for
life and 15 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 20 years
and 15 strokes 		—
(b) more than
1,000 grammes 		— — — Death —
8) Unauthorised import and
export of cannabis resin
where the
quantity is — 		— — — — —
(a) not less than
130 grammes and not
more than
200 grammes 		— — — Maximum 30 years
or imprisonment for
life and 15 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 20 years
and 15 strokes 		—
(b) more than
200 grammes 		— — — Death —
(9) Unauthorised import and
export of controlled drug containing
such quantity of
methamphetamine
being — 		— — — — —
(a) not less than
167 grammes and not
more than
250 grammes 		— — — Maximum 30 years
or imprisonment for
life and 15 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 20 years
and 15 strokes 		—
(b) more than
250 grammes 		— — — Death —
8(a)[27] (1) Unauthorised possession of
cannabis where the
quantity is — 		— — — — —
(a) less than
330 grammes 		— — — Maximum 10 years or
$20,000 or both
(subject to section 33(3B))[28] 		—
(b) not less than
330 grammes and
not more than
500 grammes 		— — — Maximum 20 years
and 10 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 10 years
and 5 strokes 		—
(c) more than
500 grammes 		— — — Maximum 30 years
and 15 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 20 years
and 10 strokes 		—
(2) Unauthorised possession
of cannabis mixture
where the quantity is — 		— — — — —
(a) less than
660 grammes 		— — — Maximum 10 years or
$20,000 or both
(subject to section 33(3B)) 		—
(b) not less than
660 grammes and
not more than
1000 grammes 		— — — Maximum 20 years
and 10 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 10 years
and 5 strokes 		—
(c) more than
1000 grammes 		— — — Maximum 30 years
and 15 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 20 years
and 10 strokes 		—
(3) Unauthorised possession
of cannabis resin
where the quantity is — 		— — — — —
(a) less than
130 grammes 		— — — Maximum 10 years or
$20,000 or both
(subject to section 33(3B)) 		—
(b) not less than
130 grammes and
not more than
200 grammes 		— — — Maximum 20 years
and 10 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 10 years
and 5 strokes 		—
(c) more than
200 grammes 		— — — Maximum 30 years
and 15 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 20 years
and 10 strokes 		—
(4) Unauthorised possession
of controlled drug
containing a quantity
of cocaine that is — 		— — — — —
(a) less than
20 grammes 		— — — Maximum 10 years or
$20,000 or both
(subject to section 33(3B)) 		—
(b) not less than
20 grammes and
not more than
30 grammes 		— — — Maximum 20 years
and 10 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 10 years
and 5 strokes 		—
(c) more than
30 grammes 		— — — Maximum 30 years
and 15 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 20 years
and 10 strokes 		—
(5) Unauthorised possession
of controlled drug
containing a quantity
of diamorphine (heroin) that is — 		— — — — —
(a) less than
10 grammes 		— — — Maximum 10 years or
$20,000 or both
(subject to section 33(3B)) 		—
(b) not less than
10 grammes and
not more than
15 grammes 		— — — Maximum 20 years
and 10 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 10 years
and 5 strokes 		—
(c) more than
15 grammes 		— — — Maximum 30 years
and 15 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 20 years
and 10 strokes 		—
(6) Unauthorised possession
of controlled drug containing
a quantity of
methamphetamine that is — 		— — — — —
(a) less than
167 grammes 		— — — Maximum 10 years or
$20,000 or both
(subject to section 33(3B)) 		—
(b) not less than
167 grammes and
not more than
250 grammes 		— — — Maximum 20 years
and 10 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 10 years
and 5 strokes 		—
(c) more than
250 grammes 		— — — Maximum 30 years
and 15 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 20 years
and 10 strokes 		—
(7) Unauthorised possession
of controlled drug
(except opium) containing
a quantity of
morphine that is — 		— — — — —
(a) less than
20 grammes 		— — — Maximum 10 years or
$20,000 or both
(subject to section 33(3B)) 		—
(b) not less than
20 grammes and
not more than
30 grammes 		— — — Maximum 20 years
and 10 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 10 years
and 5 strokes 		—
(c) more than
30 grammes 		— — — Maximum 30 years
and 15 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 20 years
and 10 strokes 		—
(8) Unauthorised possession
of opium where
the quantity is — 		— — — — —
(a) less than
800 grammes 		— — — Maximum 10 years or
$20,000 or both
(subject to section 33(3B)) 		—
(b) not less than 800 grammes
and not more
than 1,200 grammes
and containing not
less than 20 grammes
of morphine 		— — — Maximum 20 years
and 10 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 10 years
and 5 strokes 		—
(c) more than 1,200 grammes
and containing more
than 30 grammes
of morphine 		— — — Maximum 30 years
and 15 strokes 		—
— — — Minimum 20 years
and 10 strokes 		—
9) Unauthorised possession
of a controlled drug except
as otherwise provided
in this Schedule 		— — — Maximum 10 years or
$20,000 or both
(subject to section 33(3B)) 		—
8(b) [Deleted by Act 1 of 2019] — — — — —
9[29] Possession of pipes, utensils,
etc., for smoking,
administration or consumption
of a controlled drug 		— — — — Maximum 3 years
or $10,000 or both
10[30] Cultivation of cannabis, opium,
coca plant 		— — — — Maximum 20 years
or $40,000 or both
— — — — Minimum 3 years
or $5,000 or both
10A[31] Manufacture, supply, possession,
import or export of
equipment, materials or
substances useful for
manufacture of controlled drugs 		— — — — Maximum 20 years
or $200,000
or both
11[32] Being the owner, tenant,
occupier or person concerned
in the management of premises
and permitting or
suffering certain activities
to take place there 		Maximum 10 years
or $40,000
or both 		Maximum 10 years
or $40,000
or both 		Maximum 5 years
or $10,000
or both 		— —
Minimum 2 years
or $4,000
or both 		Minimum 2 years
or $4,000
or both 		Minimum 12 months
or $2,000
or both 		— —
11E[33] Causing or procuring
young person or
vulnerable person to
commit certain offences 		Maximum
30 years
and 15 strokes 		Maximum
30 years
and 15 strokes 		Maximum
20 years
and 15 strokes 		— —
Minimum
10 years
and 10 strokes 		Minimum
6 years
and 6 strokes 		Minimum
4 years
and 4 strokes 		— —
13 [Deleted by Act 1 of 2019] — — — — —
30(1)(a)[34] Obstructing exercise of powers — — — — Maximum 3 years or
$5,000 or both
Minimum 6 months or
$1,000 or both
30(1)(b)[35] Failure to comply with lawful requirements — — — — Maximum 3 years or
$5,000 or both
Minimum 6 months or
$1,000 or both
30(1)(c)[36] Failure to furnish information — — — — Maximum 3 years or
$5,000 or both
Minimum 6 months or $1,000 or both
30(1)(d)[37] Furnishing false information — — — — Maximum 12 months
or $5,000 or both
31(2) [Deleted by Act 1 of 2019] — — — — —
31(2A)[38] Failure to comply with order of
Director for urine test 		— — — — Maximum 4 years
or $10,000 or both
31A(2) [Deleted by Act 1 of 2019] — — — — —
31(2A)[39] Failure to comply with order of
Director for hair test 		— — — — Maximum 4 years
or $10,000 or both
31B(2)[40] Failure to provide oral fluid — — — — Maximum 2 years
or $5,000 or both
** “traffic” means —

(a) to sell, give, administer, transport, send, deliver or distribute; or
(b) to offer to do anything mentioned in paragraph (a),
otherwise than under the authority of this Act, and “trafficking” has a corresponding meaning;[41]

Schedule III

[edit]

Controlled equipment, materials or substances useful for manufacturing controlled drugs

[edit]
  • Part I
    • 1-Phenyl-2-propanone also known as Phenylacetone
    • 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone
    • Camazepam (may be used to manufacture temazepam) also known as (9-chloro-2-methyl-3-oxo-6-phenyl-2,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undeca-5,8,10,12-tetraen-4-yl) N,N-dimethylcarbamate
    • Clonazepam also known as 6-(2-chlorophenyl)-9-nitro-2,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undeca-5,8,10,12-tetraen-3-one
    • Diazepam (may be used to manufacture temazepam) also known as 7-chloro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one
    • Ephedrine also known as (1R,2S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropan-1-ol
    • Ergometrine also known as Ergonovine or Ergobasine
    • Ergotamine also known as Ergotaman-3',6',18-trione, 12'-hydroxy-2'-methyl-5'-(phenylmethyl)-, (5'-alpha)- (9CI)
    • Estazolam (may be used to manufacture triazolam) also known as 8-Chloro-6-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazolo(4,3-a)-1,4-benzodiazepine
    • Isosafrole also known as 1,2-(Methylenedioxy)-4-propenylbenzene
    • Lorazepam (may be used to manufacture temazepam) also known as 9-chloro-6-(2-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-2,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undeca-5,8,10,12-tetraen-3-one
    • Lormetazepam (may be used to manufacture temazepam) also known as 9-chloro-6-(2-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-2,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undeca-5,8,10,12-tetraen-3-one
    • Lysergic acid also known as 9,10-didehydro-6-methylergoline-8-carboxylic acid
    • N-acetylanthranilic acid also known as N-Acetyl-o-aminobenzoic acid
    • Nitrazepam (may be used to manufacture flunitrazepam and nimetazepam) also known as 9-nitro-6-phenyl-2,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undeca-5,8,10,12-tetraen-3-one
    • Oxazepam (may be used to manufacture temazepam) also known as 9-chloro-4-hydroxy-6-phenyl-2,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undeca-5,8,10,12-tetraen-3-one
    • Piperonal also known as 3,4-(Methylenedioxy)benzaldehyde or Piperonylaldehyde
    • Prazepam (may be used to manufacture flutoprazepam) also known as 9-chloro-2-(cyclopropylmethyl)-6-phenyl-2,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undeca-5,8,10,12-tetraen-3-one
    • Pseudoephedrine also known as β-Hydroxy-N-methylamphetamine
    • Safrole also known as 4-Allyl-1,2-methylenedioxybenzene
  • Part II

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Misuse of Drugs Act 1973". Government of Singapore.
  2. ^ "The Singapore heroin control programme". United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
  3. ^ "The Bureau's Fight for a #DrugFreeSG" (PDF). Central Narcotics Bureau - 50th anniversary Commemorative Book.
  4. ^ "The Singapore heroin control programme". United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
  5. ^ "The Bureau's Fight for a #DrugFreeSG" (PDF). Central Narcotics Bureau - 50th anniversary Commemorative Book.
  6. ^ ""We were like strays": A life marked by drugs, incarceration, and the death penalty". Transformative Justice Collective. 31 May 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  7. ^ "The Bureau's Fight for a #DrugFreeSG" (PDF). Central Narcotics Bureau - 50th anniversary Commemorative Book.
  8. ^ Misuse of Drugs Act (CHAPTER 185). p. PART III EVIDENCE, ENFORCEMENT AND PUNISHMENT. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  9. ^ "GeoAsia Tourist information – MDP Singapore drug laws". Goseasia.about.com. 23 September 1994. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  10. ^ "HISTORY OF DRUG ABUSE & SANA". The Singapore Anti-Narcotics Association (SANA). Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  11. ^ "I had a morphine jab". Singapore Press Holdings. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  12. ^ "The "14.99g" charge". Death Penalty in Singapore. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
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  17. ^ "Second Schedule". sso.agc.gov.sg. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  18. ^ "Section 33 - Punishment for offences". sso.agc.gov.sg. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  19. ^ "Section 5 - Trafficking in controlled drugs". sso.agc.gov.sg. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  20. ^ "Division 2 — Sentence of caning (Criminal Procedure Code 2010)". sso.agc.gov.sg. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  21. ^ "Section 316 - Judgment of death(Criminal Procedure Code 2010)". sso.agc.gov.sg. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  22. ^ "Section 313 - Provisions as to execution of sentences of death(Criminal Procedure Code 2010)". sso.agc.gov.sg. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  23. ^ "Section 314 - No sentence of death against person below 18 years of age(Criminal Procedure Code 2010)". sso.agc.gov.sg. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  24. ^ "Section 315 - Sentence of death not to be passed on pregnant woman(Criminal Procedure Code 2010)". sso.agc.gov.sg. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  25. ^ "Section 6 - Manufacture of controlled drugs". sso.agc.gov.sg. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  26. ^ "Section 7 - Import and export of controlled drugs". sso.agc.gov.sg. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  27. ^ "Section 8 - Possession and consumption of controlled drugs". sso.agc.gov.sg. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  28. ^ "Section 33 - Punishment for offences". sso.agc.gov.sg. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  29. ^ "Section 9 - Possession of pipes, utensils, etc". sso.agc.gov.sg. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  30. ^ "Section 10 - Cultivation of cannabis, opium and coca plants". sso.agc.gov.sg. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  31. ^ "Section 10A - Manufacture, supply, possession, import or export of equipment, materials or substances useful for manufacture of controlled drugs". sso.agc.gov.sg. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  32. ^ "Section 11 - Responsibilities of owners, tenants, etc". sso.agc.gov.sg. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  33. ^ "Section 11E - Causing or procuring young person or vulnerable person to commit certain offences". sso.agc.gov.sg. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  34. ^ "Section 30 - Obstruction of inspection or search". sso.agc.gov.sg. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  35. ^ "Section 30 - Obstruction of inspection or search". sso.agc.gov.sg. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
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  37. ^ "Section 30 - Obstruction of inspection or search". sso.agc.gov.sg. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  38. ^ "Section 31 - Urine tests". sso.agc.gov.sg. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  39. ^ "Section 31A - Hair tests". sso.agc.gov.sg. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  40. ^ "Section 31B - Oral fluid tests". sso.agc.gov.sg. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  41. ^ "Chapter 2 - Interpretation". sso.agc.gov.sg. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
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